Chapter 3

53. _How many uses has the Hyphen?_ Three.

54. _What are they?_ To separate the parts of a compound word; to separate a word into syllables; and to divide a word at the end of a line.

55. _When should the Hyphen be used in a compound word?_ When the word has not become permanently compounded.

56. _When use the Dieresis instead of the Hyphen?_ When the syllables are divided by the hyphen, there is no hyphen used between the vowels of the digraph.

57. _What is the use of the Period?_ To denote an abbreviation.

58. _Are there any other uses of the Period?_ There are.

59. _Where else is the Period used?_ In Rhetorical punctuation.

60. _Name the points used in Reference punctuation._ Asterisk, Obelisk, Parallels, Section, Paragraph, and Index.

61. _Are these marks ever doubled?_ They are.

62. _Are Letters ever used for reference?_ They are.

DIACRITICAL MARKS.

1. _What are Diacritical Marks?_ Characters indicating the different sounds of letters.

2. _Name the Diacritical Marks._ Macron, Breve, Dieresis, Semi-Dieresis, Caret, Tilde, Cedilla, and the inverted T.

3. _Make the Diacritical Marks in the order named:_ (¯); ([breve]); (¨); (·); ([caret]); (~); (¸); ([T]).

4. _What does the Macron indicate?_ Over a vowel, its long sound; under e, the sound of a, long; across c, the sound of k; over g, the hard sound; across th, the subvocal sound, and over oo, the long sound.

5. _What are the uses of the Breve?_ Over vowels, it indicates their short sound, and over oo, its short sound.

6. _What does the Dieresis indicate?_ Over a, its Italian sound; under a, its broad sound; over i, the sound of e, long; under u, when preceded by r, makes it equivalent to o, Italian.

7. _What is the use of the Semi-Dieresis?_ Over a, gives it the medium sound; under a, the sound of o, short; over o, the sound of u, short; under o, the sound; over g, the soft sound; and under u, the sound of Italian o.

8. _Where is the Cedilla used?_ Under c, to give it the sound of s.

9. _What is the use of the Caret as a Diacritical Mark?_ Over a, it indicates the flat sound; over e, the sound of a, flat; over u, the sound of e, in her.

10. _Where is the Tilde used?_ Over n in Spanish words it indicates that the sound of y immediately follows. It is also used over e in such words as her, and over i in sir, etc.

11. _What is the use of the inverted [T]?_ Under s, it gives it the sound of z; under x, it gives the sound of gz.

12. _Give some words illustrating the use of the Macron._ M[=a]te, b[=e]am, f[=i]ne, b[=o]at, t[=u]be, r[=oo]d, [=g]o, and pr[e=]y.

13. _Give words showing the use of the Breve._ M[)a]t, s[)e]t, l[)o]t, t[)u]b, and f[)oo]t.

14. _Illustrate the use of the Dieresis._ Cär, polïce, f[a:]lling, and tr[u:]e.

15. _Give words showing the use of the Semi-Dieresis._ M[.a]sk, wh[a.]t, m[.o]ney, [.g]in, w[o.]lf, and b[u.]sh.

16. _Illustrate the use of the Caret._ Fâir, thêre, sûrge, and sometimes over o as in stôrm.

17. _Give words showing the use of the Tilde._ M[~e]rge and cañon.

18. _Illustrate the use of the Cedilla._ Çell and çhaise.

19. _Give some words showing the use of the inverted t._ Wa[sT] and e[xT]ist.

20. _Are there any other names for the inverted t?_ It has been given different names by different authors.

21. _What are they?_ "The Perpendicular," "Suspended Macron," etc.

22. _Is the letter y ever marked by Diacritical Marks?_ It is, sometimes.

23. _What marks are used for y?_ Macron and Breve.

24. _Give examples where y is marked with the Macron._ Sp[=y], sl[=y], st[=y], etc.

25. _Give example where y is marked with the Breve._ H[)y]mn.

26. _What mark is used to cancel silent letters?_ Short bar, similar to the Macron.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

1. _What is the signification of A as a Prefix?_ On, in, at, to, or towards.

2. _Is A as a prefix ever redundant?_ It is.

3. _Give examples._ Adry and ameliorate.

4. _What does the prefix Ab signify?_ From.

5. _What does Ab signify?_ Away from.

6. _What is the signification of Ante?_ Before.

7. _Name all the prefixes meaning To._ Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, and at.

8. _What does Anti signify?_ Against.

9. _What does Bis signify?_ Twice.

10. _What other prefix means the same?_ Dis, from the Greek.

11. _What does Be signify?_ Upon.

12. _What does Circum signify?_ Around, as circumscribe.

13. _What is the meaning of Cis?_ On this side, as cisalpine.

14. _What prefixes signify With?_ Con, com, co, col, and cor.

15. _What prefixes signify Against?_ Contra and counter.

16. _What does Di signify?_ Two, as ditone.

17. _What prefixes signify Out of, or From?_ E, and ex.

18. _What does Dys signify?_ Ill, or difficult, as dysentery and dyspepsia.

19. _What does Enter signify?_ Between or among.

20. _What does Epi signify?_ On, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral.

21. _What prefix signifies Equal?_ Equi, as equidistant.

22. _What does Extra signify?_ Beyond, as extraordinary.

23. _What is the signification of Eu?_ Well, or agreeable, as euphony.

24. _What does Gain signify?_ Against, as gainsay.

25. _What is the signification of Hex?_ Six, as Hexagon.

26. _What does Hyper signify?_ Over, as hypercriticism.

27. _What does Hypo signify?_ Under, or beneath, as hypotenuse and hypocrite.

28. _What prefixes signify Not or In?_ In, im, il, and ir.

29. _What is the signification of Inter?_ In the midst of, or between, as intellect and intermarry.

30. _What does Intra signify?_ Within, or on the inside of.

31. _What other prefix means the same as Intra?_ Intro.

32. _What is the signification of Juxta?_ Joined to, or next, as juxtaposition.

33. _What does Mal signify?_ Bad, as malpractice and maladministration.

34. _What is the signification of Meta?_ In the middle, after, and with.

35. _What does Mis signify?_ Amiss, or wrong, as misapply and mishap.

36. _What is the signification of Mono?_ One, as monotheistic.

37. _What prefixes signify Many?_ Multi and poly, as multiform and polysyllable.

38. _What does Non signify?_ Not, as nonsense, nonessential, etc.

39. _What other prefixes signify Not?_ Neg, as in negative, and ne, as in nefarious.

40. _What does Ob signify?_ In the way of, as obstruct.

41. _What does Oct signify?_ Eight, as octagon.

42. _What does Omni signify?_ All, or complete, as omnipresent.

43. _What is the signification of Out?_ Beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outbalance, etc.

44. _What does Over signify?_ Above, as overseer, overreach, etc.

45. _What does Ovi signify?_ An egg, as oviform.

46. _What does Para signify?_ Beside, as parallel, paragraph, etc.

47. _What is the signification of Pene?_ Almost, as peninsula--almost an island.

48. _What does Per signify?_ Through, or by, as permit, perchance, etc.

49. _What does Peri signify?_ Around, as perimeter, periosteum.

50. _What does Pleni signify?_ Completeness, or full, as plenitude, etc.

51. _What does Post signify?_ After, or backwards, as postfix, and postpone.

52. _What does Pre signify?_ Before, as prefer, prefix, etc.

53. _What is the signification of Preter?_ Beyond, as preternatural.

54. _What is the signification of Pro?_ Before, forth, and for.

55. _What does Pros signify?_ To, as proselyte.

56. _What is the signification of Proto?_ First, as protocol, protoplasm, etc.

57. _What does Quad signify?_ Four, as quadrangle, etc.

58. _What does Re signify?_ Back, or again, as react, recollect, etc.

59. _What prefixes signify Right?_ Rect and Recti.

60. _What does Retro signify?_ Backwards, as retrospect and retrograde.

61. _What does Se signify?_ By itself, as separate, seclude, etc.

62. _What prefixes signify Half?_ Semi, demi, and hemi, as semicircle, demitone, and hemisphere.

63. _What does Sine signify?_ Without, as sinecure.

64. _What does Stereo signify?_ Solid, as stereotype.

65. _What does Sub signify?_ Under, or inferior, as subterranean and subordinate.

66. _What does Super signify?_ Over, above, or beyond, as supernatural, etc.

67. _What does Suf signify?_ Less or after, as suffix, etc.

68. _What does Supra signify?_ Same as Super.

69. _What does Sur signify?_ More than, as surcharge.

70. _What prefixes signify Together?_ Syn, sy, syl, and sym, as in syntax, system, syllable, and symbol.

71. _What does Trans signify?_ Beyond, across, and again, as transalpine, transatlantic, and transform.

72. _What does Tra signify?_ Across, as traverse.

73. _What is the signification of Tri?_ Three, as trisyllable, triangle, etc.

74. _What does Ultra signify?_ Beyond, as ultramarine.

75. _What does Un signify?_ Not, as unhappy, unable, etc.

76. _What is the signification of Under?_ Below, as undercurrent, underrate, etc.

77. _What does Ve signify?_ No or not, as vehement.

78. _What does Vice signify?_ Instead of, as Vice-President.

79. _What does With signify?_ Against or back, as withstand, withdraw.

80. _What other signification has With in some words?_ Near, as within; together, as withal, etc.

81. _What suffixes signify "able to be"?_ Able, ible, and ile, as curable, audible, and visible.

82. _What suffixes signify rank, or office?_ Acy, ate, ric; dom, and ship, as in curacy, pontificate, bishopric, kingdom, and clerkship.

83. _What is the signification of Age?_ Act of, as marriage, passage, etc.

84. _Has the suffix Age any other signification?_ From the Latin ago, it means collection.

85. _What does An signify?_ One who, or the person who acts, as equestrian, pedestrian, etc.

86. _What does Ana signify?_ A collection of memorable sayings, as Franklinana--the sayings of Franklin.

87. _What does Ant signify?_ Being, and has the force of ing, as dominant, verdant, etc.

88. _What is the signification of the suffix Art?_ One who, as braggart.

89. _What does Ary signify?_ Place where, or place which, as library, aviary, etc.

90. _What does Ate signify?_ Full of, or abundance, as desolate, passionate, etc.

91. _What is the signification of Celli?_ Little, as vermicelli, etc.

92. _What other suffixes also signify Little?_ Cle, cule, el, en, kin, let, ot, ling, ock, and ie.

93. _What does Ene signify?_ Belonging to, as terrene, etc.

94. _What is the signification of Eous?_ Full of, as beauteous, etc.

95. _What does Ed signify?_ When added to a verb it signifies did, as played; but to a participle, was, as completed.

96. _What is the signification of Er?_ More or often, as brighter, glimmer, etc.

97. _What does Erly signify?_ Direction of, as northerly.

98. _What does Es signify?_ More than one, as foxes, etc.

99. _What does Escent signify?_ Growing or becoming, as convalescent.

100. _What does Esque signify?_ Belonging to, or like, as picturesque, etc.

101. _What does Ess signify?_ Feminine when added to nouns, as tigress.

102. _What does Est signify?_ Greatest or least, as largest, smallest, etc.

103. _What does Head signify?_ State or nature, as Godhead.

104. _What does Ics signify?_ Things relating to, as optics, etc.

105. _What does Ides signify?_ Resemblance, as alkaloides, etc.

106. _What is the signification of Im?_ More than one, as cherubim.

107. _What does Ina signify?_ Feminine, as Czarina.

108. _What does Ing signify?_ Continuing, as singing, etc.

109. _What is the signification of Ior?_ More, as superior.

110. _What does Ique signify?_ Belonging to, as antique.

111. _What is the signification of Ish?_ Like, as boyish, girlish, etc.

112. _What does Isk signify?_ Little, as asterisk, etc.

113. _What does Ite signify?_ That which, as appetite.

114. _What does Ive signify?_ Able to do, as adhesive, etc.

115. _What does Ion signify?_ State or act, as location.

116. _What does Ism signify?_ Doctrine, as Calvinism, etc.

117. _What does Ix signify?_ Feminine of nouns, as testatrix.

118. _What does Kin signify?_ A son of, or little, as lambkin.

119. _What does Kind signify?_ Race, as mankind.

120. _What does Less signify?_ Without, as guiltless, breathless, etc.

121. _What does Ling signify?_ Young, as duckling, etc.

122. _What does Ly signify?_ Like, or in a manner, as manly, calmly, etc.

123. _What does Most signify?_ Greatest or furthest, as hindmost.

124. _What does Ment signify?_ State or act, as settlement, judgment, etc.

125. _What does Ness signify?_ The quality of, or state of, as whiteness, etc.

126. _What does Ock signify?_ Small or young, as hillock, bullock, etc.

127. _What does Oid signify?_ Likeness, as spheroid, etc.

128. _What does Or signify?_ One who, as actor, director, etc.

129. _What does Ory signify?_ Having the quality of, as vibratory, etc.

130. _What does On signify?_ Large, as million, etc.

131. _What does Ous signify?_ Having the quality of, as solicitous.

132. _What does Ot signify?_ Little, as idiot.

133. _What does Re signify?_ Same as _Er_, as it is another form of it.

134. _What does Red signify?_ Those who, as kindred, etc.

135. _What is the signification of Ress?_ Feminine of nouns, as instructress.

136. _What does Ric signify?_ Office of, as bishopric.

137. _What does Ry signify?_ Place where, or things collectively.

138. _What does Se signify?_ To make, as cleanse.

139. _What does San signify?_ The person who, as partisan, etc.

140. _What does Ship signify?_ The condition, as professorship.

141. _What does Some signify?_ Full, as quarrelsome.

142. _What does Ster signify?_ The person who, as teamster.

143. _What does Teen signify?_ Ten to be added, as fourteen.

144. _What is the signification of Tude?_ The state of being, as similitude.

145. _What does Ty signify?_ To multiply into, as seventy, forty, etc.

146. _What does Ude signify?_ Same as _Tude_, the state of being.

147. _What does Ule signify?_ Little, as globule.

148. _What does Ward signify?_ Direction of, as eastward, etc.

149. _What does Ways signify?_ Manner, as crossways, lengthways, etc.

150. _What does the suffix Y signify?_ Plenty, as smoky; also abounding in, as wealthy.

151. _Are there any exceptions to the meaning of the foregoing Prefixes and Postfixes?_ There are some, and therefore great judgment must be exercised in applying them to the analysis of words.

152. _What is meant by the term "Good Bye"?_ God be with you.

153. _What does the suffix Ster signify?_ Feminine, as spinster.

PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS.

1. _Is A the first letter of all written alphabets?_ All but one, the Abyssinian.

2. _What number is A in the Abyssinian alphabet?_ The thirteenth.

3. _Is double A ever written together as a word?_ It is, as a proper noun.

4. _What is Aa the name of?_ About forty small rivers in Europe.--_Cyclopedia._

5. _Is B the second letter of all alphabets?_ All except the Ethiopic.

6. _What number is B in the Ethiopic?_ Ninth.

7. _Give a word in which P has the sound of B._ Cupboard.

8. _What letter is the Sonorous counterpart of T?_ The letter D.--_Cyclopedia._

9. _Give the Periodic changes of the English language._ Saxon, Semi-Saxon, Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.

10. _Give date of "Saxon period."_ Previous to 1150 A.D.

11. _Give date of "Semi-Saxon period."_ 1150 to 1250.

12. _Give date of "Old English period."_ 1250 to 1350.

13. _Give date of "Middle English period."_ 1350 to 1550.

14. _Give date of "Modern English period."_ Time since 1550.

15. _What constitutes a Period in Language?_ Any great change in the Literature of a People.

16. _What causes these changes?_ Mostly national invasion.

17. _What is assimilation of Consonants?_ When an aspirate and subvocal comes together, it is necessary to change the sound of one or the other, to make the combination pronounceable.

18. _What is meant by an Element of Speech?_ An indivisible portion of language.

19. _What is a Sonant sound?_ One uttered with intonated or resonant breath.

20. _In changing the word traffic to trafficked, why supply the letter k?_ To preserve the proper sound of c.

21. _Under what condition is a consonant never doubled at the end of a word?_ When immediately following a diphthong.--_Webster._

22. _When is C followed by K in spelling?_ Words ending with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel.

23. _Give some examples._ Back, black, fleck, etc.

24. _Are there any exceptions?_ There are, as sac, arc, etc.

25. _Why is the word Humbugged spelt with two g's?_ To prevent sounding the g like j.

26. _Give some words spelled differently in the U.S. and in England._ Woolen--woollen, honor--honour, etc.

27. _When do words, ending in double e, drop one e on taking an additional syllable?_ When the suffix begins with e.

28. _Why?_ To prevent three e's coming together.

29. _Does pluralizing a word ever change the accent?_ Sometimes it does.

30. _Give an example._ An'tipode--Antip'odes.

31. _In such words as Defense, which is correct, se or ce for the termination?_ Se, because the s belongs to the words from which they are derived.--_Webster._

32. _Should words of English origin end in ise or ize?_ Ize; same as those from the Greek.

33. _Are there any exceptions to these rules?_ There are; as advertise, from English, etc.

34. _Are the words ox, calf, sheep, and pig of French or Saxon origin?_ Saxon.

35. _From what language do the words beef, veal, mutton, and pork come?_ The Norman-French.

36. _What is a Lexicon?_ A Dictionary.

37. _What is an irregular sound?_ Sound of a Redundant letter.

38. _How are words divided as regards Specie?_ Primitive and Derivative.

39. _How may the meaning of a word be changed?_ By accent; as Aug'ust, August'.

40. _What is an irregular derivative?_ One in which the letters of the root are changed in forming the derivative.

41. _What is Pronunciation?_ The distinct utterance of the sounds of a word.

42. _What are the significant parts of a word?_ Root, prefix, and suffix.

43. _How are words divided as to variety?_ Italic, Roman, Old English, etc.

44. _Name some compound word in which both parts retain their own accent._ Writ'ing-mas'ter.

45. _Name some word in which one part loses its accent._ Gentle-manly.

46. _Can all the vowels form syllables themselves?_ All except W.

47. _When has R a rough sound?_ When it begins a word.

48. _How are words distinguished?_ By their forms and uses.

49. _Why do Consonants ever unite?_ To form complex sounds: as rr in Burr.

50. _From what language are most words derived that end in less?_ Anglo-Saxon.

51. _Is Z the last letter of all alphabets?_ All except the Greek, and Hebrew.

52. _What is its place in the Greek alphabet?_ Sixth.

53. _What is its place in the Hebrew?_ Seventh.

54. _What letter is the sonorous counterpart of S?_ The letter Z.--_Cyclopedia._

55. _What is spelling of Z in England?_ Zed, and also Izzard.

56. _What language has two letters representing the sound of Z?_ The Russian.

57. _When was the letter W first used?_ About the end of the Seventh Century.

58. _What changes the sound of a vowel from long to short?_ The absence of the accent.

59. _In what situation is gh always silent?_ After i in the same syllable.

60. _How many words of two syllables are changed from nouns to verbs by accent?_ About eighty.

61. _What word contains a consonant Tetragraph?_ Phthisic.

62. _What is Philology?_ The science of language.

63. _When is ue final, silent?_ After g and q; as fatigue and oblique.

64. _What are the elements of spoken language?_ Vocal and articulate sounds.

65. _What are Hybrid words?_ Mongrel compounds.

66. _What is Terminology?_ A treatise on technicalities.

READING AND ELOCUTION.

1. _What is Reading?_ Silent perusal or distinct utterance of thought and feeling, as seen expressed in written language.

2. _How many kinds of Reading are there?_ Two.

3. _What are they?_ Silent and Audible.

4. _What is Silent Reading?_ The perusal of Language without utterance.

5. _What is Audible Reading?_ The utterance of thought and feeling, as seen expressed in written Language.

6. _What is Elocution?_ The science and art of the delivery of composition.

7. _How many kinds of Delivery are there?_ Three.

8. _What are they?_ Speaking, Declamation, and Oratory.

9. _What is Speaking?_ The utterance of thought and feeling without reference to the written page.

10. _What is Declamation?_ The delivery of another's composition.

11. _What is Oratory?_ The delivery of one's own composition.

12. _How many kinds of Oratory are there?_ Two.

13. _What are they?_ Prepared and Extempore.

14. _What is Prepared oratory?_ That which has been studied previous to delivery.

15. _What is Extempore oratory?_ That which is accomplished simultaneously with the delivery.

16. _What is Vocal Culture?_ The training of the organs of speech for effective delivery.

17. _What should be the primary object in Audible reading?_ To convey to the hearer the ideas and sentiments of the writer.

18. _In order to accomplish this, what should the Reader do?_ Endeavor to make the feelings and sentiments of the writer his own.

19. _What are some of the essential qualities of a good Reader?_ To read slowly, observe the pauses, give proper inflections, read distinctly, and with expression.

20. _What is Enunciation?_ The utterance of words.

21. _Under how many Divisions should the subject of reading be treated?_ Six.

22. _What are they?_ Articulation, Inflection, Accent, Emphasis, the Voice, and Gesture.

23. _What is Articulation?_ Distinct utterance of the elementary sounds, and of the combinations.

24. _Name four common faults in Articulation._ Omitting an unaccented vocal, dropping the final sound, sounding incorrectly an unaccented vowel, and omitting syllables.

25. _What is Inflection?_ Sliding of the voice upward or downward.

26. _How many kinds of Inflection are there?_ Two.

27. _What are they?_ Rising and falling.

28. _What is the Rising inflection?_ An upward slide of the voice.

29. _What is the Falling inflection?_ A downward slide of the voice.

30. _Are the rising and falling inflections both ever given to the same sound?_ They are.

31. _How is such inflection marked?_ By the Circumflex.

32. _How many kinds of Circumflex?_ Two.

33. _What are they?_ Rising and falling.

34. _What is the Rising Circumflex?_ The sliding of the voice downward and then upward on the same sound.

35. _What is the Falling Circumflex?_ The sliding of the voice upward and then downward on the same sound.

36. _What is a Monotone?_ Reading without sliding the voice either upward or downward.

37. _Give Rule 1 for falling inflection._ Propositions which make complete sense require the falling inflection.

38. _Does Emphasis ever reverse this rule?_ It does sometimes.

39. _Give Rule 2._ Emphasis generally requires the falling inflection.

40. _Where the sense is dependent, what inflection is generally used?_ The rising.

41. _Does Emphasis ever affect this rule?_ Relative emphasis sometimes reverses it.

42. _What kind of inflection should be used at the end of an interrogative sentence?_ Falling, if it cannot be answered by yes or no.