Chapter 2

42. _What is a Radical word?_ Same as primitive.

43. _What is a Derivative word?_ One formed by joining to a primitive some letter or letters to modify its meaning.

44. _What is Analysis?_ Separating a word or syllable into its elements or parts.

45. _What is Synthesis?_ The process of combining elements to form syllables and words.

46. _What is the Base of a Compound word?_ That word representing the fundamental idea.

47. _What is the Modifier in a Compound word?_ That word which describes the other.

48. _What is the Base of a Derivative word?_ The primitive from which it is derived.

49. _What is the Modifier in a Derivative word?_ The affix.

50. _What is an Affix?_ That part of a derivative word attached to the root.

51. _How many Root words in the English language?_ Over one thousand.

52. _What is a Prefix?_ That part of a derivative word placed before the root.

53. _What is a Postfix?_ That part of a derivative word placed after the root.

54. _What is a Suffix?_ Same as a postfix.

55. _What are Affixes?_ Prefixes and postfixes together are called affixes.

56. _How many kinds of Derivatives are there?_ Two.

57. _What are they?_ Regular and irregular.

58. _What is a Regular derivative?_ One that is formed by the addition of affixes without changing the letters in the primitive part (except final _e_ silent).

59. _What is an Irregular derivative?_ One in which the letters of the primitive part are changed.

60. _In using Affixes, what rule should be observed?_ The affix and root should be from the same language.

61. _Is the same rule to be observed in forming Compound words?_ It is.

62. _What is a Mongrel compound word?_ One formed contrary to the rule.

63. _Give an example._ Cable-graph and cable-gram.

64. _What are Barbarisms?_ Same as mongrel.

65. _When use the hyphen in Compound words?_ When they are not permanently compounded.

66. _What is an Obsolete word?_ One gone out of date.

RULES AND TERMS.

1. _What is Spelling?_ A distinct expression of the letters or sounds of a word in their proper order.

2. _How many kinds of Spelling?_ Two.

3. _What are they?_ Orthographic and Phonic.

4. _What is Orthographic spelling?_ An expression of the letters of a written or printed word in their proper order.

5. _What is Phonic spelling?_ An expression of the elementary sounds of a word in their proper order, according to established usage.

6. _What is meant by good usage?_ The usage, or custom, of the best speakers and writers of the times.

7. _How do we know when we have spelled a word correctly?_ By reference to the Dictionary?

8. _What is a Lexicographer?_ An author of a dictionary.

9. _Can we spell by Rules?_ We cannot.

10. _Why?_ Because there are too many exceptions.

11. _What makes a rule in Orthography?_ Whenever a letter is silent, or usually so, a rule is formed.

12. _Why is c placed before r in acre, massacre, etc.?_ To preserve the hard sound of c.

13. _What is the rule for Digraphs?_ A digraph must have one vowel silent.

14. _Give rule for E final._ E final is silent when another vowel precedes it in the same syllable.

15. _What effect does final E have on the preceding vowel?_ It usually preserves its long sound.

16. _When is B silent?_ Before _t_, or after _m_, in the same syllable.

17. _When is C silent?_ Before _k_ in the same syllable; also, before _z_, _l_, or _t_, in a few words.

18. _When is D silent?_ Before _g_ in the same syllable.

19. _When is G silent?_ Before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable.

20. _When is H silent?_ After _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable; and _h_ final after a vowel is always silent; also, in a few words after _t_, and initial in a few words.

21. _When is L silent?_ After _a_ when followed by _f_, _m_, _k_, or _v_, except in the word valve; also, before _d_ in could, etc.

22. _When is M silent?_ Before _n_ in a few words.

23. _When is N silent?_ Final after _l_ or _m_.

24. _When is P silent?_ Initial before _n_, _s_, or _t_.

25. _When is S silent?_ In a few irregular words; as, _isle_, _puisne_, _viscount_, _corps_, etc.

26. _When is T silent?_ Before _ch_ in the same syllable; also, in _Christmas_, _eclat_, _mortgage_, etc.

27. _When is V silent?_ In two words only--_Sevennight_ and _Twelvemonth_.

28. _When is W silent?_ Before _r_ in the same syllable also, in _whoop_, _sword_, _two_, etc.

29. _When is Gh silent?_ After _i_ in the same syllable; also, after _au_ and _ou_ in some words.

30. _When is Ch silent?_ In a few words; as, _drachm_, _yacht_, etc.

31. _When is Z silent?_ In one word only--_Rendezvous_.

32. _What letters are never silent?_ F, J, Q, and R.

33. _What is meant by Antecedent part of a syllable?_ That part before the vowel.

34. _What is the Consequent part of a syllable?_ That part which follows the vowel.

35. _How many words end in Ceed?_ Three.

36. _What are they?_ Exceed, proceed, and succeed.

37. _How many of the English words are derived from the Latin?_ About, three-fourths.

38. _What Language is called "Our mother tongue?"_ Anglo-Saxon.

39. _From what language do we get most of our Scientific terms?_ The Greek.

40. _How many English words begin with_ IN _as a prefix?_ Two hundred and fifty.

41. _How many begin with im?_ Seventy-five.

42. _How many begin with un?_ About two thousand.

43. _Were final E not silent, what would be the result?_ Another syllable would be formed.

44. _When is final E dropped in spelling?_ Before vowel terminations mostly.

45. _Why is the final E retained in such words as changeable and traceable?_ To preserve the soft sound of the c or g.

46. _In the words fleeing, seeing, etc., why retain both Es?_ To determine the proper meaning of the word.

47 _What is a Figure of orthography?_ Any departure from the ordinary spelling of a word.

48. _How many Figures are there?_ Two.

49 _What are they?_ Archaism and Mimesis.

50. _What is Archaism?_ The spelling of a word according to ancient usage.

51. _What is Mimesis?_ The spelling of a word in imitation of a false pronunciation.

52. _When is i used as a consonant?_ When followed by a vowel in the same syllable; as in alien, etc.

53. _When is y final changed to e?_ Before the suffix ous; as in beauteous.

54. _When is y final changed to i?_ Before the suffix ful; as in beautiful.

55. _What is a Redundant prefix?_ One that does not change the signification of the root; as, _a_ in the word adry.

56. _When is ie changed to y?_ Before the ending _ing_.

57. _When use the digraph ei in spelling?_ Ei follows c soft, and begins words.

58. _When use ie in spelling?_ Ie follows consonants (except c soft), and ends words.

59. _In changing the word hoe to hoeing, why retain the e?_ To preserve its signification.

60. _What is the origin of the suffix less?_ Anglo-Saxon.

61. _What is the origin of the word English?_ It is derived from the word Angles.

62. _Who were the Angles?_ They were a tribe of people who came from the land of the Low Germans and settled in Britain in the fifth century.

63. _What does the word England mean?_ "The land of the Angles."

64. _Why is our language sometimes called the "Teutonic language"?_ Because it is derived from the ancient Germans, who were called Teutons.

65. _What kind of words end in ize?_ Verbs derived from the Greek.

66. _What kind of words end in ise?_ Most words derived from the French.

67. _Why is the English called a Composite Language?_ Because it is derived from so many different sources.

68. _Does adding a single consonant to a word ever make an additional syllable?_ It does.

69. _Give examples._ Grade, grad-ed; confide, con-fi-ded.

70. _Can a word be compound and derivative at the same time?_ It can; as, ball-player.

71. _How distinguish between an affix and a part of a compound word?_ If all the parts retain their literal signification they form a compound; if not, the part which loses its signification becomes an affix in a derivative.

72. _Is the word outside compound or derivative?_ It is compound.

73. _Is the word outrun compound or derivative?_ It is derivative.

74. _What is Derivation?_ That branch of etymology which treats of the sources of the words of a language.

75. _How many kinds of Derivation?_ Two.

76. _What are they?_ Paronymous and Historical.

77. _What is Paronymous derivation?_ That part of etymology which treats of present sources of English words.

78. _Give examples of Paronymous derivation._ Kingdom, from king; Manly, from man, etc.

79. _What is Historical derivation?_ That part of etymology which treats of the foreign sources of the English language.

80. _Give examples of Historical derivation._ Book, from boc; Moon, from mona, etc.

81. _When use a, and when an, in a sentence?_ Use a before all words beginning with a consonant sound, and use an before words beginning with a vowel sound, _h_ mute, or _h_ initial, if the accent is on any other syllable than the first.

82. _Why do words in the English language become obsolete?_ Because it is a living language.

83. _What is a new word?_ One that has recently come into use.

84. _Name some new words._ Outsider, intensify, repudiate, and idiom.

85. _What is meant by suspended animation of a word?_ A word that passes out of use for a while and then resumes its place in literature.

86. _Give examples of suspended words._ The words reckless, abate, and abandon, fell into disuse in the seventeenth century, but have since been revived.

87. _What letters are called the pivots?_ Y and w.

88. _Why are they so called?_ Because of their peculiar sounds in changing from vowels to consonants.

89. _What kind of new words should be avoided?_ Any word formed contrary to the genius of the language.

90. _What is meant by idiom?_ A peculiar mode of expression.

91. _What is diction?_ Diction treats of the selection and right use of words.

92. _When is our diction pure?_ When we use only such words as belong to the idiom of our language.

93. _What are Synonyms?_ Words having a similar signification.

94. _What is a Synonymicon?_ A dictionary of synonymous words.

95. _What is meant by a reputable word?_ One that is used by educated people.

96. _What is an Anacoluthic word?_ One that is unnecessary to the completion of a sentence.

97. _What is an Idiomatic word?_ A word belonging to an individual language.

98. _What is an Ideographical language?_ One in which the characters represent ideas rather than sounds.

99. _Can there be a derivative word without an affix?_ There can; as, brought from bring.

100. _What is Dactylology?_ The art of spelling words with the fingers.

101. _What is the Pythagorean letter?_ Y.--_Am. Cyclopedia_.

102. _Why so called?_ Because its Greek original represents the sacred triad used to designate the diverging paths of virtue and vice.

NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE LETTERS.

1. _What is meant by the Numerical value of letters?_ Its value as a numeral used in the notation of different languages.

2. _Have all the letters Numerical value?_ All except J, U, W, and Y.

3. _What is the Numerical value of A?_ 500.

4. _By whom used?_ The ancient European Nations.

5. _What is the Numerical value of B?_ 300.

6. _By whom used?_ The Romans.

7. _What is the Numerical value of C?_ 100 in the Roman notation.

8. _What is the Numerical value of D?_ 500 in the Roman notation.

9. _What is the Numerical value of E?_ 5.

10. _By whom used?_ The ancient Greeks.

11. _What is the Numerical value of F?_ 40 in some of the Ancient notations; 80 in the Arabian; and 10,000 in the Armenian.

12. _What is the Numerical value of G?_ 400.

13. _By whom used?_ The Latins.

14. _What is the Numerical value of H?_ 100 in the Greek notation; and 200 in the Latin.

15. _What is the Numerical value of I?_ 1 in the Roman notation; and 100 in some of the Ancient notations.

16. _What is the Numerical value of K?_ 20 in the Greek notation; and 60 in the Semitic.

17. _Give the Numerical values of L._ 50 in Roman, and 30 in Semitic notation.

18. _What are the Numerical values of M?_ As a Roman numeral, 1,000; Greek and Hebrew, 40.

19. _What is the value of N as a Numeral?_ In the Greek notation, 50; Roman, 90; and by some other, 900.

20. _What is the Numerical value of O?_ 70 in the Greek; and 11 in the Ancient Latins.

21. _What is the Numerical value of P?_ In the Greek notation, 5; in the Latin, 80; and in the Roman, by some authors, 7, by one, 100, and by still another, 400.

22. _As a Numeral, what is the value of Q?_ 500.

23. _By whom used?_ Several of the Ancient Nations of Europe.

24. _What is the Numerical value of R?_ 80

25. _By whom used?_ The ancient Romans.

26. _What is the Numerical value of S?_ 7

27. _By whom used?_ The Ancients.

28. _Give the values of T as a Numeral._ 300 in the Greek notation; in the Latin, 160.

29. _What is the Numerical value of V?_ 5 in the Roman notation.

30. _What are the values of X as a Numeral?_ In the Roman, 10; in the Greek, 60.

31. _What are the Numerical values of Z?_ 7 in the Greek notation; and 2,000 in the Roman.

32. _Why have J, U, W, and Y no Numerical values?_ Because they have been introduced into the Alphabet since the Science of Arithmetical Notation was invented.

33. _What effect does it have on the value of a letter to draw a line above it?_ In most cases it increases its value a thousand times.

34. _Is a line ever drawn beneath a letter for the same purpose?_ In some instances it is.

35. _What effect does it have on a letter as a numeral to repeat it?_ Repeats its value as often as it is repeated.

CAPITALS AND ITALICS.

1. _What is a Capital letter?_ A large letter.

2. _What is an Italic letter?_ A form of oblique letters derived from the Italians.

3. _What is Rule 1 for the use of Capitals?_ Title pages and headings of chapters should be entirely in capitals.

4. _Give Rule 2._ The first word of every book, tract, essay, letter, etc., should begin with a capital.

5. _Give Rule 3._ The first word of every sentence should begin with a capital.

6. _Give Rule 4._ Clauses separately numbered should begin with a capital.

7. _Give Rule 5._ The first word after an interrogation point should usually begin with a capital.

8. _Give Rule 6._ The first word of a clause, or sentence, given as an example, should begin with a capital.

9. _Give Rule 7._ In quoting a title of a book, each important word of the title should begin with a capital.

10. _Give Rule 8._ First word of a direct question should begin with a capital.

11. _Give Rule 9._ The first word of a direct quotation should begin with a capital.

12. _Give Rule 10._ All letters used as numerals should be written or printed in capitals.

13. _Give Rule 11._ The pronoun I should always be a capital.

14. _Give Rule 12._ The vocative particle O should always be a capital.

15. _Give Rule 13._ The first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

16. _Give one exception to Rule 13._ In humorous poetry, when a word is divided at the end of a line, the detached syllable at the beginning of the next line should begin with a small letter.

17. _Give Rule 14._ All names and titles of the Deity should begin with a capital.

18. _Give Rule 15._ All proper names should begin with a capital.

19. _Give Rule 16._ All words derived from proper nouns should begin with a capital.

20. _Give Rule 17._ Titles of honor and distinction should begin with capitals.

21. _Give Rule 18._ The words father, mother, sister, brother, aunt, etc., when followed by a proper noun, should always begin with a capital.

22. _Give Rule 19._ All words referring to the Bible should begin with a capital.

23. _Give Rule 20._ All proper adjectives should begin with a capital.

24. _Give Rule 21._ The names of famous events, historical eras, noted documents, etc., should begin with a capital.

25. _What establishes a rule for Capitals?_ Good usage, or custom.

26. _Give Rule 1 for the use of Italics._ Words for emphasis should be printed in italics.

27. _Give Rule 2._ Names of books, poems, etc., are usually printed in italics.

28. _Give Rule 3._ Words from foreign languages are printed in italics.

29. _Give Rule 4._ Words in the Bible supplied by the translators are printed in italics.

30. _How are written words marked that are to be printed in Capitals?_ By underscoring the words with two lines.

31. _How are written words marked that are to be printed in Italics?_ By underscoring the words with one line.

32. _When use the Interjection O?_ The letter O is a vocative particle, and should always be used before nouns or pronouns in the absolute case by direct address.--[_Ridpath._]

33. _When use Oh?_ In all cases where it is not followed by nouns, or pronouns, in the vocative case.--[_Ridpath._]

ABBREVIATIONS.

1. _What is an abbreviation?_ One or more of the letters of a word standing for the whole word.

2. _What is the signification of A.C.S.?_ American Colonization Society.

3. _Give meaning A.B.C.F.M._ American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

4. _What is the signification AAA.?_ Amalgamation.

5. _What is the signification of Ang.-Sax.?_ Anglo-Saxon.

6. _Give signification of A.T._ Arch-Treasurer.

7. _What is the signification of C.A.S.?_ Fellow of the Connecticut Academy.

8. _What is the signification of C.C.?_ County Court, or County Commissioner.

9. _What is the meaning of D.C.L.?_ Doctor of Civil Law.

10. _What is the signification of D.M.?_ Doctor of Music.

11. _What is the signification of A.U.C.?_ In the year of the city.

12. _What is the meaning of F.E.S.?_ Fellow of the Entomological Society.

13. _What is the signification of H.R.I.P.?_ Here rests in peace.

14. _What is the signification of L.C.J.?_ Lord Chief Justice.

15. _What is the signification of N.u.?_ Name unknown.

16. _What is the signification of P.a.?_ Participial adjective.

17. _What is the signification of P.v.?_ Post village.

18. _What is the signification of Qy.?_ Query.

19. _What is the signification of Ro.?_ Righthand page.

20. _What is the signification S.C.L.?_ Student of the Civil Law.

21. _What is the signification of S.R.I.?_ Holy Roman Empire.

22. _What is the signification of S.J.C.?_ Supreme Judicial Court.

23. _What is the signification of U.S.S.?_ United States Ship.

24. _What does U.K. signify?_ United Kingdom.

25. _What does V.R. signify?_ Queen Victoria.

26. _What does V.G. signify?_ For example.

27. _What does Xt. signify?_ Christ.

28. _What does Xmas. signify?_ Christmas.

29. _What is the signification of Y.B.?_ Year Book.

30. _What is the signification of Zoöl.?_ Zoölogy.

31. _What does Yt. signify?_ That.

32. _What is the signification of S.T.P.?_ Doctor of Divinity.

ACCENT AND PUNCTUATION.

1. _Why is a word divided into syllables?_ For the purpose of showing their proper pronunciation and etymological composition.

2. _What is Accent?_ A greater stress of voice placed on one syllable of a word than the others.

3. _What kind of words have no accent?_ Monosyllables.

4. _Why?_ Accent implies comparison, and there can be no comparison with one syllable.

5. _How many kinds of accent?_ Common, Emphatic, and Discriminating.

6. _What is common accent?_ Ordinary accent of spelling.

7. _How many kinds of common accent?_ Two.

8. _What are they?_ Primary and secondary.

9. _What is primary accent?_ The principal accent.

10. _What is secondary accent?_ The partial accent.

11. _What kind of accent is essential to every word of more than one syllable?_ Primary.

12. _How close can primary and secondary accent come together?_ Not closer than two syllables.

13. _How many primary accents can one word have?_ Only one.

14. _How many secondary accents can a word have?_ Two.

15. _In case of two secondary accents, where are they placed?_ On the first and third.

16. _In case of two secondary, where is the primary accent?_ On the last but two.

17. _Do the primary and secondary ever change places?_ They do.

18. _In words of two syllables, where is the accent?_ Usually on the first.

19. _In trisyllables, what syllable is accented?_ Usually the first.

20. _Are there any exceptions?_ There are.

21. _In polysyllables, where is the accent?_ On the antepenult usually.

22. _In all words ending in ation, where is the accent?_ On the syllable next to the last.

23. _What is Emphatic accent?_ Accent used for emphatic distinction.

24. _Have monosyllables any accent?_ They have sometimes an emphatic, or poetic.

25. _What is Discriminating accent?_ That used to determine parts of speech.

26, _Give some examples._ Au'gust, Au-gust'; Reb'el, Re-bel'.

27, _What is Punctuation?_ The use of certain characters to aid the reader in determining the thought of the writer.

28. _How many kinds of punctuation are there?_ Four.

29. _What are they?_ Rhetorical, Etymological, for Reference, and for the Printer.

30. _What is Rhetorical punctuation?_ That used for rhetorical effect.

31. _What is Etymological punctuation?_ That used in Orthography and Orthoepy.

32. _What is Reference punctuation?_ That used to refer the reader to the margin of the page.

33. _What is punctuation for the Printer?_ That used by the writer to inform the printer the kind of type to use.

34. _What are the principal Etymological points?_ Apostrophe, Caret, Dieresis, Macron, Breve, Tilde, Grave Accent, Acute Accent, Circumflex Accent, Hyphen, and Period.

35. _What is the use of the Apostrophe?_ To indicate the omission of a letter, or letters, of a word.

36. _What letter is omitted in the word o'clock?_ The letter f.

37. _What is the use of the Caret?_ To correct an error of omission.

38. _Is the Caret used in printed copy or manuscript?_ In manuscript.

39. _For what is the Dieresis used?_ To separate two vowels which would otherwise form a diphthong.

40. _Give an example of the use of the Dieresis._ Zoölogy, and Diëresis.

41. _What is the use of the Macron?_ To mark the long quantity of syllables.

42. _What is a long syllable?_ One in which the vowel has the long sound.

43. _What is the use of the Breve?_ To mark the short quantity of syllables.

44. _What is a short syllable?_ One in which the vowel has the short sound.

45. _What kind of a mark is the Tilde?_ A Spanish mark.

46. _How many uses has the Tilde?_ Two.

47. _What are they?_ Placed over _n_ it gives the sound of _ny_ as, in cañon. In English it indicates certain sounds of the vowels.

48. _How many accent marks are there?_ Three.

49. _What are they?_ Grave, Acute, and Circumflex.

50. _What is the use of the Grave accent?_ To mark the falling inflection.

51. _What is the use of the Acute accent?_ To mark the primary accent, and the rising inflection.

52. _What is the use of the Circumflex?_ To mark the peculiar inflection of the voice in the pronunciation of a word.