Chapter 1

Transcriber's Note: Phonetic characters are represented by the following symbols: [xT] = any letter "x" with inferior inverted "T" [=x] = any letter "x" with superior macron [x=] = any letter "x" with inferior macron [=oo] = "oo" with superior macron [)x] = any letter "x" with superior breve [)oo] = "oo" with superior breve [.x] = any letter "x" with superior dot (semi-dieresis) [x.] = any letter "x" with inferior dot (semi-dieresis) [x:] = any letter "x" with inferior double-dot (dieresis)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON

ORTHOGRAPHY AND READING.

BY

B.A. HATHAWAY,

_AUTHOR OF THE "1001 QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK SERIES._

THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY,

CLEVELAND, OHIO.

* * * * *

IN THE SAME SERIES.

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON U.S. HISTORY,

(Including the Federal Constitution and Amendments.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON GEOGRAPHY.

(Embracing Descriptive, Physical, and Mathematical Geography.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON GRAMMAR.

(With copious Illustrations, Parsing and Analysis.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ARITHMETIC.

(Including nearly 300 Test Examples, with Solutions.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING.

(The latest and most exhaustive Book on this subject ever published.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.

(Containing a separate and exhaustive Chapter on the Physiological effects of Alcohol and Narcotics.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND READING.

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON GENERAL HISTORY.

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON BOTANY.

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON TEST EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC.

EXTRA CLOTH, PRICE 50c. Each. Postage prepaid.

ANY 6 ASSORTED FOR $2.50, POSTPAID. ANY 8 ASSORTED FOR $3.25, POSTPAID. THE 10 ASSORTED $4.00 POSTPAID.

PUBLISHED BY

THE BURROWS BROS. COMPANY,

CLEVELAND, OHIO.

* * * * *

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888,

BY B.A. HATHAWAY,

In the office of the librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C.

* * * * *

PREFATORY NOTE.

_In presenting this, the seventh book of the "1001 Question and Answer Series," we feel that a great want is partially met. It is evident, from the number of inquiries made for such a book, that the works devoted to the subject of Orthography are very limited._

_We are also aware that the Authors of the different Grammars devote such a limited space to the subject of Orthoepy and technical Orthography, that both Teacher and Pupil turn away from the subject in disgust._

_In preparing this list of questions and answers we have consulted the best authority of the present day, and believe we have gone over the ground in such a way that it will meet the approval of all interested._

_The questions and answers on Reading we trust will add to the interest of the book, and only hope that it will be received with as gracious a welcome and hearty approval as the rest of the series._

B.A.H. APRIL, 1888.

* * * * *

CONTENTS.

PAGE. Letters, 5 Orthoepy, 13 Substitutes, 17 Definitions and Words, 20 Rules and Terms, 25 Numerical Values of the Letters, 32 Capitals and Italics, 35 Abbreviations, 38 Accent and Punctuation, 40 Diacritical Marks, 44 Prefixes and Suffixes, 46 Promiscuous Questions, 56 Reading and Elocution, 60 Miscellaneous Exercises, 80

* * * * *

LETTERS.

1. _What is Orthography?_ The science and art of the Letters of a language.

2. _Of what does Orthography treat?_ The nature and power of letters, and correct spelling.

3. _From what is the word Orthography derived?_ Two Greek words, signifying "To write right."

4. _What is a Letter?_ A character used to represent an elementary sound, or combination of sounds.

5. _What is an Alphabet of a Language?_ A complete list of its letters.

6. _What is the origin of the word Alphabet?_ It is derived from the first two letters of the Greek Alphabet: Alpha and Beta.

7. _Where did the Alphabet originate?_ The English comes from the Greek, which was brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia, about the year 1490 B.C.

8. _What was the first Alphabet ever used?_ The Hebrew.

9 _How many letters were in the original Alphabet?_ Sixteen.

10. _Where did the other letters originate?_ They have been added since the time of Cadmus, as their use became necessary.

11. _What was the last letter added to the English Alphabet?_ W.

12. _Why was it called W?_ On account of it being composed of two u's, or a double u.

13. _How many letters in the English Alphabet?_ Twenty-six.

14. _How many in the Latin Alphabet?_ Twenty-five.

15. _What is the difference between the Latin Alphabet and the English?_ The Latin omits the letter W.

16. _What Alphabet has the greatest number of letters?_ The Chinese.

17. _How many letters in the Chinese Alphabet?_ Over two hundred.

18. _What is a Perfect Alphabet?_ One which contains the same number of letters that it has elementary sounds.

19. _Is the English a perfect Alphabet?_ It is not.

20. _How many Elementary sounds in the English Language?_ About forty-three.

21. _What is an Imperfect Alphabet?_ One in which the number of sounds exceeds the number of letters.

22. _What is an Equivocal Alphabet?_ An Imperfect one.

23. _What is an Unequivocal Alphabet?_ Same as Perfect.

24. _Is the English Alphabet Equivocal or Unequivocal?_ Equivocal.

25. _What is a Univocal Alphabet?_ One that has a separate character for each elementary sound.

26. _What is an Alphabetic Language?_ A language in which the characters represent separate articulate sounds.

27. _What is a Phonetic Alphabet?_ One in which there is a separate character for each elementary sound.

28. _Is there any Phonetic Alphabet of the English Language?_ There have been several published, but they are not in general use.

29. _How many letters in the English Phonetic Alphabet?_ Forty-three.

30. _What is the name of a Letter?_ The appellation by which it is known.

31. _What is the difference between a Letter and its Name?_ The letter is the character, and the name is its appellation.

32. _What Letters name themselves?_ The vowels A, E, I, O, and U.

33. _How are the Letters divided?_ Into Vowels and Consonants.

34. _What are Vowels?_ Those letters which represent only pure tones.

35. _Name all the Vowels._ A, E, I, O, U, and in some situations W and Y.

36. _What is a Consonant?_ A letter that represents an interruption of sound or breath.

37. _Why called Consonants?_ Because they cannot be used alone in a word, but must be connected with a Vowel.

38. _How many kinds of Consonants are there?_ Two; single Letters and Combinations.

39. _Name the Consonant letters._ B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

40. _Name the Consonant Combinations._ Th, Sh, Ch, Zh, Wh, and Ng.

41. _Name the two Orders of the Consonants._ Mutes and Semi-vowels.

42. _What are Mutes?_ Those letters which admit of no escape of breath while the organs of speech are in contact.

43. _Name the Mutes._ B, D, K, P, T, and C and G hard.

44. _What other term is often applied to the Mutes?_ Close Consonant.

45. _What are Semi-vowels?_ Those letters that admit of an escape of breath while the organs of speech are in contact.

46. _Name the Semi-vowels._ F, H, J, L, M, N, R, S, V, W, X, Y, Z, and C and G soft.

47. _Are the Combinations Mutes or Semi-vowels?_ They are all Semi-vowels.

48. _What letters are called Nasals?_ M, N, and Ng.

49. _What other term is often applied to the Semi-vowels?_ Loose Consonant.

50. _What letters are called Liquids?_ L, M, N, and R.

51. _Why are the Liquids so called?_ Because of their flowing sound, which readily unites with the sound of other letters.

52. _What are Sibilants?_ Letters which have a hissing sound; as, S and Z.

53. _What letter is called the Mute Sibilant?_ The letter X.

54. _What letters represent no sound of their own?_ C, Q, and X.

55. _What are these letters called?_ Redundant letters.

56. _Why are they so named?_ Because they are not necessary for the completion of the Alphabet.

57. _By what letters are the sounds of C represented?_ K and S.

58. _What letters represent the sound of Q?_ Kw.

59. _What letters represent the sound X?_ Ks.

60. _What letters of themselves form words?_ A, I, and O.

61. _Spell all of the Consonants._ Bee, Cee, Dee, Eff, Gee, Aitch, Jay, Kay, Ell, Em, En, Pee, Kw, Ar, Ess, Tee, Vee, Double-u, Ex, Wy, and Zee.--_Goold Brown_.

62. _What letters are called the Twins?_ Q and U.

63. _Why so called?_ Because Q is always followed by U in English spelling.

64. _Is there any exception to this rule?_ The word LEECLERCQ is sometimes given as an example, but in English it is spelled LEECLERC.

65. _What is meant by style of letters?_ Different type; as, Roman, Script, Italics, etc.

66. _How many forms have letters?_ Two.

67. _What are they?_ Small letters and Capitals.

68. _What are the Natural Divisions of Consonants?_ Subvocals and Aspirates.

69. _What are Subvocals?_ Those Consonants which produce an undertone of voice when their sounds are uttered.

70. _Name the Subvocals._ B, D, G hard; J and G soft; L, M, N, R, V, W, Y, Z, Zh, and Ng.

71. _What are Aspirates?_ Mere whispers made by the organs of speech and breath.

72. _Name the Aspirates._ C, F, H, K, P, Q, S, T, X, Ch, Sh, and Wh.

73. _What Combination is both Aspirate and Subvocal?_ Th.

74. _What are Cognate letters?_ Those which are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar position.

75. _Give an example of a Cognate letter._ D is a cognate of T.

76. _What are Quiescent letters?_ Those that are silent.

77. _How many uses have Silent letters?_ Five.

78. _What are they?_ To modify vowels; to modify consonants; to determine signification; to determine origin; and to distinguish words of like signification.

79. _What are Explodents?_ Those letters whose sound cannot be prolonged.

80. _Name the Explodents._ B, D, G, J, P, Q, T, and K.

81. _What are the principle organs of speech?_ Lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.

82. _What is meant by Organical division of the consonants?_ Pertaining to those particular organs used in their pronunciation.

83. _Name the Organical divisions._ Labials, Dentals, Linguals, and Palatals.

84. _What are Labials?_ Those letters whose sounds are modified by the lips.

85. _Name them._ B, F, M, P, V, W, and Wh.

86. _What are Dentals?_ Those letters whose sounds are modified by the teeth.

87. _Name them._ J, S, Z, Ch, Sh, Zh, C and G soft.

88. _What are Linguals?_ Those letters whose sounds are modified by the tongue.

89. _Name them._ D, L, N, R, T, Y, and Th.

90. _What are Palatals?_ Those letters whose sounds are modified by the palate.

91. _Name them._ K, Q, X, Ng, C and G hard.

92. _What letters have no Organical classification?_ H, and all the vowels.

93. _What is an Aphthong?_ A silent letter or combination.

94. _How many kinds of Aphthongs?_ Three.

95. _What are they?_ Vowels, Consonants, and Combinations.

96. _What letters are never silent?_ F, J, Q, R, and X.

97. _In what words is V silent?_ Sevennight and twelvemonth.

98. _In what word is Z silent?_ Rendezvous.

99. _What letters are never doubled?_ X and H.

100. _How many words contain all the vowels in regular order?_ Two.

101. _What are they?_ Abstemious and Facetious.

102. _What is a Diphthong?_ Two vowels sounded together in the same syllable.

103. _Name the Diphthongs._ Ou, Ow, Oi, and Oy.

104. _How many sounds do they represent?_ Two.

105. _What are the sounds called?_ Diphthongal sounds.

106. _How many kinds of Diphthongs are there?_ Two.

107. _What are they?_ Separable and Inseparable.

108. _Which ones are Separable?_ Oi and Oy.

109. _What is an Improper Diphthong?_ The union of two vowels in a syllable, one of which is silent.

110. _By what other name are they known?_ Digraph.

111. _How many Digraphs are there?_ Twenty-five.

112. _Name them._ Aa, Ae, Ai, Ao, Au, Aw, Ay, Ea, Ee, Ei, Eo, Eu, Ew, Ey, Ie, Oa, Oe, Oi, Oo, Ou, Ow, Ua, Ue, Ui, and Uy.

113. _What is a Trigraph?_ A union of three vowels in one syllable, two of which are silent, or all three representing one sound.

114. _How many Trigraphs are there?_ Eight.

115. _Name them._ Awe, Aye, Eau, Eou, Eye, Ieu, Iew, and Uoi.

116. _What is a Tetragraph?_ Union of four vowels in one syllable.

117. _How many Tetragraphs are there?_ One.

118. _What is it?_ Ueue in the word Queue.

119. _May the terms Digraph, etc., be used with the Consonants?_ They may.

120. _Give example of Consonant Digraph._ Gh, in the word laugh.

121. _Give example of Consonant Trigraph._ Thr, in the word throw.

122. _Give example of Consonant Tetragraph._ Phth, in the word phthisic.

123. _What is a regular Triphthong?_ A vowel trigraph in which all three of the vowels are sounded.

124. _Give an example._ Quoit.

ORTHOEPY.

1. _What is Orthoepy?_ That science which treats of the elementary sounds and the pronunciation of words.

2. _What is Phonology?_ The science of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech.

3. _What is an Elementary sound?_ One that cannot be divided so as to be represented by two or more letters.

4. _What is Sound?_ A sensation produced on the auditory nerve by the rapid vibratory motion of any elastic substance.

5. _What is the least number of vibrations that will produce an audible sound?_ Sixteen per second.

6. _What is the greatest number that can be heard?_ About forty thousand per second.

7. _What is Voice?_ Sound produced by the vocal chords.

8. _What is an Articulate sound?_ One made by the organs of speech and used in language.

9. _What is a Vocal sound?_ One that is modified but not obstructed by the articulatory organs.

10. _What is a simple Vocal sound?_ One made without any change in the position of the articulatory organs during its emission.

11. _What is a Coalescent?_ An articulate sound that always precedes and unites with a vocal.

12. _What is a Guttural sound?_ One that is modified by the soft palate.

13. _What are Unarticulate sounds?_ The sounds of the vowels.

14. _How many Elementary sounds do the vowels represent?_ Fifteen.

15. _How many do the Consonants represent?_ Eighteen.

16. _How many do the Combinations represent?_ Seven.

17. _How many do the Diphthongs represent?_ Only one, as oi and oy only repeat sounds already represented by a and i.

18. _How many sounds has A?_ Five.

19. _What are they?_ Long, Short, Medial, Flat, and Broad.

20. _How many sounds has E?_ Two.

21. _What are they?_ Long and Short.

22. _How many sounds has I?_ Two.

23. _What are they?_ Long and Short.

24. _How many sounds has O?_ Three.

25. _What are they?_ Long, Short, and Slender.

26. _How many sounds has U?_ Three.

27. _What are they?_ Long, Short, and Medial.

28. _How many sounds has B?_ One; as heard in the word babe.

29. _How many sounds has C?_ None that may be properly called its own.

30. _How many sounds has D?_ One; as heard in the word did.

31. _How many sounds has F?_ One; as heard in the word flew.

32. _How many sounds has G?_ Two; as heard in the words go and age.

33. _How many sounds has H?_ One; as heard in the word high.

34. _How many sounds has J?_ None of its own, but represents one; the sound of G.

35. _How many sounds has K?_ One; as heard in the word key.

36. _How many sounds has L?_ One; as heard in the word lily.

37. _How many sounds has M?_ One; as heard in the word money.

38. _How many sounds has N?_ One; as heard in the word nat.

39. _How many sounds has P?_ One; as heard in the word pie.

40. _How many sounds has R?_ One; as heard in the word roar. (REM.--Some authors give r three sounds.)

41. _How many sounds has S?_ One; as heard in the word same.

42. _How many sounds has T?_ One; as heard in the word tight.

43. _How many sounds has V?_ One; as heard in the word view.

44. _How many sounds has W?_ One; as heard in the word we.

45. _How many sounds has X?_ None of its own, as it is a redundant letter.

46. _How many sounds has Z?_ One; as heard in the word ooze.

47. _How many sounds has Th?_ Two; as heard in the words thigh and the.

48. _How many sounds has Ch?_ One; as heard in the word church.

49. _How many sounds has Sh?_ One; as heard in the word ash.

50. _How many sounds has Zh?_ One obscurely; represented by _si_ in such words as fusion, _zi_ in glazier.

51. _How many sounds has Wh?_ One; as heard in the word what.

52. _How many sounds has Ng?_ One; as heard in the word sing.

53. _What are regular sounds?_ The long sounds of the letters.

SUBSTITUTES.

1. _What is a Substitute?_ A letter representing a sound usually represented by another.

2. _What are Equivalent letters?_ Letters representing the same sound.

3. _What properties do Substitutes assume?_ The properties of the letter whose sound it represents.

4. _How many Substitutes has a long?_ Four.

5. _What are they?_ _E_ in tete; _ei_ in feint; _ey_ in they; and _ao_ in gaol.

6. _How many Substitutes has a middle?_ Two.

7. _What are they?_ _E_ in there; and _ei_ in heir.

8. _How many Substitutes has a broad?_ Two.

9. _What are they?_ _O_ in cord; and _ou_ in sought.

10. _How many Substitutes has e long?_ Three.

11. _What are they?_ _I_ in marine; _ie_ in fiend; and _ay_ in quay.

12. _How many Substitutes has e short?_ Two.

13. _What are they?_ _A_ in says; and _u_ in bury.

14. _How many Substitutes has i long?_ Two.

15. _What are they?_ _Y_ in chyme; and _oi_ in choir.

16. _How many Substitutes has i short?_ Six.

17. _What are they?_ _Y_ in hymn; _e_ in England; _u_ in busy; _o_ in women; _ee_ in been; and _ai_ in captain.

18. _How many Substitutes has o long?_ Two.

19. _What are they?_ _Eau_ in beau; and _ew_ in sew.

20. _How many Substitutes has o short?_ One.

21. _What is it?_ _A_ in what.

22. _How many Substitutes has u long?_ One.

23. _What is it?_ _Ew_ in new.

24. _How many Substitutes has u short?_ Three.

25. _What are they?_ _E_ in her; _i_ in sir; and _o_ in son.

26. _How many Substitutes has u medial?_ One.

27. _What is it?_ _O_ in wolf.

28. _How many Substitutes has F?_ Two.

29. _What are they?_ _Gh_ in laugh; and _ph_ in philosophy.

30. _How many Substitutes has J?_ Three.

31. _What are they?_ _G_ in rage; _di_ in soldier; and _d_ in verdure.

32. _How many Substitutes has S?_ Two.

33. _What are they?_ _C_ soft, as in central; and _z_ in quartz.

34. _How many Substitutes has T?_ One.

35. _What is it?_ _Ed_ final, after any aspirate except t.

36. _How many Substitutes has V?_ One.

37. _What is it?_ _F_ in of.

38. _How many Substitutes has W?_ One.

39. _What is it?_ _U_ in quick.

40. _How many Substitutes has X?_ One.

41. _What is it?_ _Ks_ in exist.

42. _How many Substitutes has Y?_ One.

43. _What is it?_ _I_ in alien.

44. _How many Substitutes has Z?_ Three.

45. _What are they?_ _S_ in was; _c_ in suffice; and _x_ in xebec.

46. _How many Substitutes has Ch?_ Two.

47. _What are they?_ _Ti_ in question; and _t_ in nature.

48. _How many Substitutes has Sh?_ Six.

49. _What are they?_ _Ce_ in ocean; _ci_ in social; _si_ in mansion; _ti_ in motion; _ch_ in chaise; and _s_ in sugar.

50. _How many Substitutes has Zh?_ Four.

51. _What are they?_ _Si_ in fusion; _zi_ in brazier; _z_ in azure; and _s_ in rasure.

52. _How many substitutes has Ng?_ One.

53. _What is it?_ N generally before palate sounds; as, conquer, etc.

54. _What letters have no Substitutes?_ B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R.

55. _What combinations have no Substitutes?_ Th and Wh.

56. _Why is X never doubled?_ It already represents the sounds of K and S.

57. _What letter ends no English word?_ J.

DEFINITIONS AND WORDS.

1. _What is Language?_ Any method for the communication of thought and feeling.

2. _What is Natural Language?_ Instinctive methods of communicating thought or feeling.

3. _What is Artificial Language?_ That which must be learned before it can be used.

4. _Is the English Language natural or artificial?_ Artificial.

5. _How many kinds of Artificial Language?_ Two.

6. _What are they._ Spoken and written.

7. _What is Spoken Language?_ That produced by the vocal organs.

8. _What is Written Language?_ Any method of communicating thought or feeling by the use of written or printed characters.

9. _What are the messengers of thought?_ Sentences.

10. _What is a Sentence?_ An assemblage of words conveying a thought.

11. _What is a Word?_ A sign of an idea.

12. _What is Lexicology?_ That science which treats of the meaning of words.

13. _What is Etymology?_ That science which treats of the origin and derivation of words.

14. _What is Orthogeny?_ That science which treats of the classification of words into parts of speech.

15. _What is Syntax?_ That science which treats of the relation and connection of words in the construction of a sentence.

16. _What is Prosody?_ That science which treats of punctuation and the laws of versification.

17. _Of what is a word composed?_ A syllable or combination of syllables.

18. _What is a Syllable?_ A letter or letters uttered by a single impulse of the voice.

19. _What is the essential part of a syllable?_ A vowel.

20. _Can there be a syllable without it containing a vowel sound?_ There cannot.

21. _What is Syllabication?_ That branch of etymology which treats of the division of words into syllables.

22. _How many methods of Syllabication are there?_ Two.

23. _What are they?_ English and American.

24. _What is the object of the English method?_ To separate words into their elementary parts without regard to pronunciation; as, a-tom.

25. _What is the object of the American method?_ To indicate the proper pronunciation by separating affixes from the roots.

26. _What is a word of one syllable called?_ A monosyllable.

27. _What is a word of two syllables called?_ A dissyllable.

28. _What is a word of three syllables called?_ A trisyllable.

29. _What is a word of more than three syllables called?_ A polysyllable.

30. _What is the Ultimate syllable of a word?_ The last syllable.

31. _What is the Penultimate syllable?_ Next to the last syllable in a word.

32. _What is the Antepenultimate syllable?_ The last syllable but two in a word.

33. _What is the Preantepenultimate syllable?_ The last syllable but three in a word.

34. _What other way may the syllables be described?_ In their numerical order; as, first, second, etc.

35. _How many syllables can a word have?_ As many as it has vowels or diphthongs sounded.

36. _How many words in the English language?_ About one hundred and twenty thousand.

37. _How are words divided in reference to form?_ Into simple and compound.

38. _How are they divided in reference to origin?_ Into primitive and derivative.

39. _What is a Simple word?_ One that is not composed of two or more whole words.

40. _What is a Compound word?_ One that is composed of two or more distinct words.

41. _What is a Primitive word?_ One in no way derived from another in the same language.