Part 9

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: New England 6,552,681 5,592,017 VII VII Middle Atlantic 19,315,892 15,454,678 I II East North Central 18,250,621 15,985,581 II I West North Central 11,637,921 10,347,423 IV IV South Atlantic 12,194,895 10,443,480 III III East South Central 8,409,901 7,547,757 VI V West South Central 8,784,534 6,532,290 V VI Mountain 2,633,517 1,674,657 IX IX Pacific 4,192,304 2,416,692 VIII VIII NEW ENGLAND: Maine 742,371 694,466 34 31 New Hampshire 430,572 411,588 39 37 Vermont 355,956 343,641 42 39 Massachusetts 3,366,416 2,805,346 6 7 Rhode Island 542,610 428,556 38 35 Connecticut 1,114,756 908,420 31 29 MIDDLE ATLANTIC: New York 9,113,614 7,268,894 1 1 New Jersey 2,537,167 1,883,669 11 16 Pennsylvania 7,665,111 6,302,115 2 2 EAST NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio 4,767,121 4,157,545 4 4 Indiana 2,700,876 2,516,462 9 8 Illinois 5,638,591 4,821,550 3 3 Michigan 2,810,173 2,420,982 8 9 Wisconsin 2,333,860 2,069,042 13 13 WEST NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota 2,075,708 1,751,394 19 19 Iowa 2,224,771 2,231,853 15 10 Missouri 3,293,335 3,106,665 7 5 North Dakota 577,056 319,146 37 40 South Dakota 583,888 401,570 36 38 Nebraska 1,192,214 1,066,300 29 27 Kansas 1,690,949 1,470,495 22 22 SOUTH ATLANTIC: Delaware 202,322 184,735 47 45 Maryland 1,295,346 1,188,044 27 26 District of Columbia 331,069 278,718 43 41 Virginia 2,061,612 1,854,184 20 17 West Virginia 1,221,119 958,800 28 28 North Carolina 2,206,287 1,893,810 16 15 South Carolina 1,515,400 1,340,316 26 24 Georgia 2,609,121 2,216,331 10 11 Florida 752,619 528,542 33 33 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentucky 2,289,905 2,147,174 14 12 Tennessee 2,184,789 2,020,616 17 14 Alabama 2,138,093 1,828,697 18 18 Mississippi 1,797,114 1,551,270 21 20 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: Arkansas 1,574,449 1,311,564 25 25 Louisiana 1,656,388 1,381,625 24 23 Oklahoma 1,657,155 790,391 23 30 Texas 3,896,542 3,048,710 5 6 MOUNTAIN: Montana 376,053 243,329 40 43 Idaho 325,594 161,772 45 46 Wyoming 145,965 92,531 48 48 Colorado 799,024 539,700 32 32 New Mexico 327,301 195,310 44 44 Arizona 204,354 122,931 46 47 Utah 373,351 276,749 41 42 Nevada 81,875 42,335 49 49 PACIFIC: Washington 1,141,990 518,103 30 34 Oregon 672,765 413,536 35 36 California 2,377,549 1,485,053 12 21

Stature and Weights

There have appeared in public print, several tables, which, the compilers claim, are based upon Greek and other measurements. It is probable that few of these tables are authentic, and many of them are, undoubtedly, incorrect. The following table is compiled by Jay W. Seaver, M. D., for 20 years professor at Yale University, and is as nearly correct as possibility would admit. Dr. Seaver, however, does not claim absolute correctness. The second and third tables given are used quite generally in civil service examinations by local, state, and national governments, and apply largely to those seeking positions on the police force or the fire department

Height, Males--Weight, Females--Weight, Feet Fat Normal Fat Normal

5 136 112 122 102 5.1 141 116 128 106 5.2 146 120 134 109 5.3 152 125 140 113 5.4 160 130 145 117 5.5 167 135 151 121 5.6 175 138 154 125 5.7 182 140 157 130 5.8 189 143 160 135 5.9 196 150 169 140 5.1O 203 155 173 145 5.11 210 160 179 150 6 216 165 185 155 6.1 221 170 187 160 6.2 226 175 196 166 6.3 231 180 205 171

Minimum circumference of the Chest tolerable in applicants.

Circumference Circumference Height of Chest Height of Chest Feet Inches Inches Feet Inches Inches 5 6 32-1/2 5 11 35-1/2 5 7 33 6 .. 36 5 7-1/2 33-1/2 6 1 36-1/2 5 8 34 6 2 37 5 9 34-1/2 6 3 37-1/4 5 10 35 6 4 38

The stature shall not be below 5 ft. 6 in., nor the weight below that marked as its minimum accompaniment in the subjoined table.

Height Min. Average Max. Weight Feet Inches Pounds Pounds Pounds

5 6 136 143 180 5 7 138 146 187 5 8 140 148 195 5 9 145 155 202 5 10 150 160 210 5 11 155 165 217 6 .. 160 170 225 6 1 165 175 233 6 2 170 180 240 6 3 175 185 248

=Steam Engine.=--The principle of the steam engine is very simple. Stripped of all technicality, it may be described as follows: Take a can with a height somewhat longer than its width, and close up both ends. Make a hole in the center of one of the ends large enough for the insertion of a rod about the diameter of a small poker. Fasten one end of this rod to the center of a disc which will fit closely into the can. Insert this disc in the can with the poker passing through the hole. The whole apparatus will be similar to that of a churn. Bore two holes in the sides of the can, at top and bottom. Allow steam to pass into the can through the first hole, which will force the disc to the other end of the can, and draw the poker with it. Then, introduce steam through the other hole. This will drive the disc to the other end of the can, and at the same time the steam entering the first hole will pass out. This gives a motion to the poker rod, which continues so long as steam is forced in and out. The rod, is, of course, connected with a crank which works on a shaft, and from this shaft power is transmitted. The steam is let into the cylinder automatically. A fly wheel is maintained where there is not more than one cylinder, and even where there is more than one, so as to create momentum, which carries the crank beyond its dead center. The modern steam engine makes from 100 to even 1,000 revolutions a minute. Its power is measured by its capacity to equal that of one or several horses, and is known as horse-power. Steam engines are made with a capacity of only a small fraction of horse-power, and up to several thousand. But usually, where great power is required, more than one cylinder is used, all of them working upon the same shaft The so-called turbine steam engine is similar to the ordinary turbine water wheel, except that steam, instead of water, is forced against it. See "Turbines."

=Strikes.=--The strike is an agreement upon the part of workmen to refuse to work until their demands are accepted. The first strike in the United States took place in New York City, in 1803, and was confined to sailors. In 1888, there were 697 strikes, involving over 210,000 employees. In 1886, the number of strikes increased 52 per cent., and in 1888 the increase was 22 per cent. In the early days nearly half of the strikes were in Pennsylvania. The great coal strike of 1902 was probably the most disastrous and largest strike on record. It involved about 150,000 men, with a loss of wages of nearly $40,000,000.

=Sub Rosa.=--The term "under the rose" implies secrecy. It had its origin B. C. 477, when Pausanias, commander of the fleet of Spartans and Athenians, was intriguing with Xerxes for the subjugation of Greece to Persia and for the hand of the king's daughter in marriage. The business was transacted in the "Brazen House," the roof of which was a garden making a bower of roses. Hence the term Sub Rosa.

=Sugar Industry.=--The United States consumes each year nearly 3,500,000 tons of sugar, or about 80 pounds per capita.

=Sunday Schools.=--The Sunday Schools of the United States have a membership of about 15,500,000, including teachers. The Sunday School membership of England and Wales is over 7,000,000. Connected with the Sunday Schools of the world are about 2,650,000 teachers and 26,500,000 scholars.

=Talking Machines.=--The talking machine, known by several names, including the phonograph, was originally invented by Edison. Unscientifically speaking, it consists of a disc similar to that used in the telephone, with a needle or point attached to the center of the underside of it. This needle or point fits into circular or cylindrical grooves, which are covered with tin foil or other malleable substance.

The vibrations of the voice or of music, which reach the disc, cause this needle or point to rise or fall, producing impressions upon the tin foil or other substance. After the record has been made, duplicates are produced in a substance largely made of rubber, which is placed on a rotary disc or cylinder that is turned automatically, the needle or point attached to the disc working into the grooves and rising with or following the impressions, which cause the plate or disc to vibrate. The process is wholly mechanical, and electricity is not used.

=Tariff.=--This word, meaning a schedule of duties on merchandise, imported or exported, is said to come from Tarifa, a town in Southern Spain, on the Mediterranean Sea, where duties were once levied by the Moors on all ships passing in or out of the Straits of Gibraltar.

=Telegraph.=--The conception of the telegraph came to Professor Morse, in 1832, while he was making a voyage from Europe to America, and he at once began his experiments, which resulted in what may be considered one of the two greatest inventions or discoveries. After waiting about eight years, Congress reluctantly appropriated a sum sufficient to build a telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore. The original conception of telegraphy belongs wholly to Professor Morse, but since its invention other scientists have invented improvements, including an apparatus which allows the sending of two messages each way, or four messages in all, over the same wire at the same time. The telegraphic code or alphabet, originally invented by Morse, remains practically intact. It consists of dots and dashes, and may be learned in a few hours, although expertness requires a year or more of practice. Unscientifically speaking, the telegraphic apparatus is extremely simple: it consists primarily of a piece of soft iron around which is wound several strands of insulated wire. During the time that electricity is passing through this wire, the soft iron becomes a magnet, but returns to its nonmagnetic character when electricity is not passing around it. A battery is used for the generating of electricity. The operator turns electricity into the wire by pressing a key. When the key is down, the electricity passes around the piece of soft iron and makes of it a magnet, which will draw iron or steel to it, the same as does any ordinary permanent magnet. Just above the end of the soft iron is placed a piece of metal, and as the key is pressed letting in the electricity, the iron (then a magnet) draws this metal to it, producing a slight sound or click. This piece of iron is held by a spring, and springs back into place when electricity is let out of the insulated wire surrounding the soft iron. If a message is to be sent a long distance, a relay is used so as to turn into the wire additional currents of electricity, because electricity loses some of its strength if carried over a very long wire, and a relay adds new or fresh currents from separate batteries. In this way, a message can be sent continuously for several thousand miles, which would be impossible without the use of relays. The process of sending several messages at the same time over the same wire is somewhat complicated. The result is obtained by using currents of electricity of different intensity, the currents not interfering with each other. The ocean cables are described under another heading.

=Telephone.=--The telephone is supposed to have been invented by Professor A. G. Bell, in 1875, but scientists recognize the probable invention of it, largely in theory, by the eminent scientists Dolbear, Gray, Edison, and possibly others. It is exceedingly difficult to describe, other than scientifically, the working of the telephone; and it cannot be done perfectly until electricity is fully understood. We know the result, but are not able to locate all of the causes. The original telephone consisted of a bar of magnetized steel of about the circumference of an ordinary poker, a few inches in length, around which was wound insulated wire. At one end of the magnet, and close to it, was placed a metallic disc about twice the circumference of a silver dollar and of the thickness of thin tin. Originally the same instrument was used both for sending and for receiving. Any sound, including the human voice, brought in direct contact with the disc, caused it to vibrate, and for some unknown reason these vibrations were transmitted through the magnet, and by the wires carried to another similar instrument. The sounds and voice were carried a short distance without the use of a battery, and the early telephones had ground circuits; that is, there was only one wire between the stations, the other wire being grounded by being attached to gas or other pipes, the electricity making half the circuit through the earth. Later on a battery was used, which increased the sending distances, but the ground wire remained for some time. The present telephone consists of the original telephone as a receiver, but with a transmitter into which the sender speaks his words. The mechanism of the transmitter is complicated and cannot be described except scientifically. Its use allows one to talk long distances, even to the extent of 2,000 miles. Non-technically speaking, then, the telephone consists of a magnet, insulated wire, and a disc, the vibration upon the disc being transmitted over the wire from the sending to the receiving station, electricity being used for conveying the vibrations or sound.

Eight billion, four hundred thousand and twenty-seven million conversations were held in this country last year over the wires of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co., according to its annual report. The daily average was 26,310,000. The company now has telephone stations in 70,000 cities, towns, and hamlets, which is 5,000 more than the number of postoffices in the country, and 10,000 more than the number of railroad stations. Altogether there were 7,456,074 telephone stations of the company at the end of 1912.

=Ten Great Religions.=--James Freeman Clarke, in his book "Ten Great Religions," gives the following as the ten most important faiths of ancient and modern times:

(1) Confucianism. (2) Brahmanism. (3) Buddhism. (4) Zoroastrianism. (5) Religion of Egypt. (6) Religion of Greece and Rome. (7) Teutonic and Scandinavian Religion. (8) Judaism. (9) Christianity. (10) Islâm.

=Théâtre Français.=--The most famous theatre in Paris, and, perhaps, in the world. It is situated in the Place du Palais Royal, and is the home of the Comédie Française. In 1900 it was destroyed by fire, but immediately rebuilt. The original building was erected in 1782, but was later much altered.

=Thunder.=--The sound of thunder is produced by the sudden rush of the air into the vacuum caused by the rapid passage of lightning through the air.

=Ticket-of-Leave.=--The English Government in 1854 issued a permit which allowed a convict his liberty before the expiration of his term. It was necessary for him to report to the police at stated times, and, if he committed any crime, his ticket-of-leave was recalled. The ticket-of-leave is similar to probation granted in the United States.

=Time Difference.=--When it is 12 o'clock noon in New York City, it is 5:13 in Antwerp; about 5:49 in Berlin; about 5:13 in Brussels; about 1:02 in Buenos Ayres; about 10:49 in Calcutta; about 6:53 in Constantinople; about 4:30 in Dublin; about 4:34 in Liverpool; about 4:56 in London; about 5:05 in Paris; about 5:46 in Rome; about 6:57 in St. Petersburg. When it is 12 o'clock noon in New York City, it is 33-1/2 minutes earlier in Havana; about 11 hours and 28 minutes earlier in Hong Kong; about 9 hours and 24 minutes earlier in Melbourne; about 9 hours and 45-1/2 minutes earlier in Yokohama.

=Tobacco Industry.=--The United States grows about 905,000,000 pounds of tobacco a year, and over a million acres are used for growing tobacco. The value of the tobacco grown each year is about $85,000,000.

=To Estimate the Weight of Hay.=--Find the length, breadth, and depth of the hay, in feet, and multiply these three dimensions together; if the hay is on the wagon or newly stored, divide the product by 540; but if it is well settled in the mow or stack, divide by 512. If the hay is baled, 270 cubic feet will weigh a ton. The number of cubic feet in a circular stack is found by multiplying the average circumference in yards by itself and this product by four times the height of the stack in yards; then point off the two right-hand figures and multiply the result by 27.

=To Find Length of Day or Night.=--At any time of the year add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the day. Subtract the time of setting from 12 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising next morning for the length of the night. These rules are equally true for apparent time.

=To Measure Corn in the Crib.=--Find the length, breadth, and depth of the corn, in feet, and multiply these three dimensions together; this product multiplied by .63 will give the number of heaped bushels in the ear. Sometimes one and one-half bushels of ears make a bushel of shelled corn, and sometimes it requires two bushels, the amount required depending upon the size of the cob, shape of the ear, etc.

=Tom Thumb.=--Tom Thumb was probably the most famous dwarf in the world, not because of the absence of others of the same height, or less, but because he was exploited by the late P. T. Barnum. Tom Thumb, whose real name was Charles S. Stratton, was born in 1838, and died in 1883. In 1842 he was two feet in height and weighed sixteen pounds. In 1863 his height increased to thirty-one inches, and later to forty inches.

=To Produce Different Colors.=--The color printed in _italics_ may be made by mixing the other two colors. _Purple_, red with light blue. _Brown_, red with black. _Rose_, lake with white. _Drab_, umber with white. _Chestnut_, white with brown. _Chocolate_, yellow with brown. _Flesh Color_, carmine with straw. _Pearl_, blue with lead color. _Pink_, carmine with white. _Silver Gray_, lamp black with indigo. _Lead Color_, lamp black with white. _Bright Green_, Paris green with white. _Buff_, yellow ochre with white. _French White_, white tinted with purple. _Dark Green_, black with chrome green. _Brilliant Green_, emerald green with white. _Pea Green_, chrome green with white. _Orange_, vermillion with chrome yellow. _Straw Color_, chrome yellow with white lead. _Cream Color_, white tinted with red and yellow. _Ashes of Roses_, white with tints of black and purple. _French Gray_, white tinted with black and purple. _Olive_, chrome yellow, blue, and black with red.

=Trade Unions.=--The trade union, although supposed to be of modern origin, was established as early as 1548. Mythical history which, of course, cannot be authenticated, indicates the possibility of an organization of working men at the time of the building of Solomon's temple. During the last several years, trade unionism has grown to enormous proportions, and practically every vocation has its union or organization. The right to organize is self-evident, so long as it does not restrain trade or interfere with personal rights. The employee and employer certainly have legal and moral rights to do as they please, provided they do not interfere with legal or moral law, and do not use coercion. Moral influence, however, cannot be criticised. The maintenance of a well-organized labor union is to the advantage of both capital and labor, and should be encouraged. Naturally, the binding together of laborers or workmen, and that of capital, causes some abuses, for humanity, as it runs, is not always fair; but one should not criticise either side without criticising the other. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, both are fair and unfair. As civilization progresses, the mistakes and abuses will be corrected, and organized labor and capital will work in harmony.

=Trusts.=--A trust is an association of capitalists, organized for the purpose of controlling any one trade or trades. It is illegal and may be punished by imprisonment or fine. It is exceedingly difficult, however, to discover whether or not an organization is in actual restraint of trade, and to prosecute a combination. Undoubtedly trusts exist in America, and all over the world for that matter, and are illegal. Great effort is being made to disband them, but so far has very little real effect, for most of the trusts which are disorganized by law continue in some other form.

=Turbines.=--The turbine has largely taken the place of the water wheel, because it is more compact, produces greater energy, and is more powerful. It is, untechnically speaking, a box containing a series of fanlike blades set at an angle, so that water or steam brought against them will make them turn.