Part 7

NEW ENGLAND: Maine 742,371 29,895 New Hampshire 430,572 9,031 Vermont 355,956 9,124 Massachusetts 3,366,416 8,039 Rhode Island 542,610 1,067 Connecticut 1,114,756 4,820 MIDDLE ATLANTIC: New York 9,113,614 47,654 New Jersey 2,537,167 7,514 Pennsylvania 7,665,111 44,832 EAST NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio 4,767,121 40,740 Indiana 2,700,876 36,045 Illinois 5,638,591 56,043 Michigan 2,810,173 57,480 Wisconsin 2,333,860 55,256 WEST NORTH CENTRAL: Minnesota 2,075,708 80,858 Iowa 2,224,771 55,586 Missouri 3,293,335 68,727 North Dakota 577,056 70,183 South Dakota 583,888 76,868 Nebraska 1,192,214 76,808 Kansas 1,690,949 81,774 SOUTH ATLANTIC: Delaware 202,322 1,965 Maryland 1,295,346 9,941 District of Columbia 331,069 60 Virginia 2,061,612 40,262 West Virginia 1,221,119 24,022 North Carolina 2,206,287 48,740 South Carolina 1,515,400 30,495 Georgia 2,609,121 58,725 Florida 752,619 54,861 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentucky 2,289,905 40,181 Tennessee 2,184,789 41,687 Alabama 2,138,093 51,279 Mississippi 1,797,114 46,362 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: Arkansas 1,574,449 52,525 Louisiana 1,656,388 45,409 Oklahoma 1,657,155 69,414 Texas 3,896,542 262,398 MOUNTAIN: Montana 376,053 146,201 Idaho 325,594 83,354 Wyoming 145,965 97,594 Colorado 799,024 103,658 New Mexico 327,301 122,503 Arizona 204,354 113,810 Utah 373,351 82,184 Nevada 81,875 109,821 PACIFIC: Washington 1,141,990 66,836 Oregon 672,765 95,607 California 2,377,549 155,652

Population Per Square Mile

=Continental United States.=--The following summary shows, for continental United States, the total population, land area in square miles, and population per square mile of land area at each census from 1790 to 1910, inclusive:

Land area Population Census Year Population (square per miles) sq. mile

1910 91,972,266 2,973,890 30.9 1900 75,994,575 2,974,159 25.6 1890 62,947,714 2,973,965 21.2 1880 50,155,783 2,973,965 16.9 1870 38,558,371 2,973,965 13.0 1860 31,443,321 2,973,965 10.6 1850 23,191,876 2,944,337 7.9 1840 17,069,453 1,753,588 9.7 1830 12,866,020 1,753,588 7.3 1820 9,638,453 1,753,588 5.5 1810 7,239,881 1,685,865 4.3 1800 5,308,483 867,980 6.1 1790 3,929,214 867,980 4.5

According to the census of 1910, there are in continental United States, on the average, 30.9 inhabitants to each square mile of land area, or nearly seven times the number per square mile shown for the much smaller area of 1790, and nearly three times the number shown for 1860. The decrease in the average number of inhabitants per square mile at the census of 1810 and 1850 was due in each case to large accessions of thinly populated territory during the decade preceding the census.

In the order of their density of population the nine geographic divisions of the country rank as follows: Middle Atlantic, 193.2 inhabitants per square mile; New England, 105.7; East North Central, 74.3; East South Central, 46.8; South Atlantic, 45.3; West North Central, 22.8; West South Central, 20.4; Pacific, 13.2; and Mountain, 3.1. The changes in density from census to census correspond precisely with the changes in area and the total number of inhabitants. It may be noted, however, that on account of the rapid increase in their population the Pacific states in 1910 for the first time are approaching, in density of population, conditions found in the states between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

=Porto Rico.=--Porto Rico contains about 3,600 square miles, and has a population of considerable more than a million. The climate is tropical and the land is extremely fertile.

=Postage Stamps.=--They were invented in 1834, and were introduced into America in 1847.

=Poultry and Egg Industry.=--Nearly 500,000,000 of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, geese, and pigeons, are raised in the United States annually. The total value is about $203,000,000. Each year the production of eggs is about 1,600,000,000 dozen. The people of the United States eat about 5-1/2 fowls per year per capita, and a little over 17 dozen eggs.

Presidents of the United States

(1) George Washington. (2) John Adams. (3) Thomas Jefferson. (4) James Madison. (5) James Monroe. (6) John Quincy Adams. (7) Andrew Jackson. (8) Martin Van Buren. (9) William Henry Harrison. (10) John Tyler. (11) James K. Polk. (12) Zachary Taylor. (13) Millard Fillmore. (14) Franklin Pierce. (15) James Buchanan. (16) Abraham Lincoln. (17) Andrew Johnson. (18) Ulysses S. Grant. (19) Rutherford B. Hayes. (20) James A. Garfield. (21) Chester A. Arthur. (22) Grover Cleveland. (23) Benjamin Harrison. (24) William McKinley. (25) Theodore Roosevelt. (26) William H. Taft. (27) Woodrow Wilson.

Principal Countries of the World

COUNTRY CAPITAL SQ. MILES POPULATION

Abyssinia Addis Abeba 200,000 11,000,000 Afghanistan Kabul 250,000 4,750,000 Argentina Buenos Aires 1,135,840 6,210,428 Australia 2,974,581 4,197,037 Austria-Hungary Vienna, Budapest 241,333 45,176,230 Belgium Brussels 11,373 6,693,548 Bolivia Sucre 605,400 1,953,916 Brazil Rio de Janeiro 3,292,991 17,388,556 British Empire London 11,343,706 394,246,882 Bulgaria Sofia 38,080 4,035,623 Canada Ottawa 3,745,574 6,153,789 Chile Santiago 307,620 3,399,928 Chinese Empire Peking 4,277,170 426,047,325 Colombia Bogota 505,000 4,303,000 Costa Rica San Jose 18,400 351,176 Cuba Havana 44,000 2,048,980 Denmark Copenhagen 15,592 2,605,268 Ecuador Quito 116,000 1,400,000 Egypt[A] Cairo 400,000 11,189,978 France Paris 207,054 39,252,245 Germany Berlin 208,780 60,641,278 Great Britain & Ireland London 121,390 44,538,718 Greece Athens 25,014 2,631,952 Guatemala New Guatemala 48,290 1,882,992 Haiti Port au Prince 10,204 1,500,000 Honduras Tegucigalpa 46,250 650,000 India Calcutta 1,776,517 294,317,082 Italy Rome 110,550 33,909,776 Japanese Empire Tokyo 175,000 50,000,000 Luxemburg Luxemburg 998 236,543 Mexico Mexico 767,005 13,605,919 Montenegro Cettinie 3,630 250,000 Morocco Fez, Morocco 219,000 5,000,000 Netherlands The Hague 12,648 5,747,269 Nicaragua Managua 49,200 500,000 Norway Christiania 124,129 2,240,032 Panama Panama 31,571 300,000 Paraguay Asuncion 157,000 631,347 Persia Teheran 628,000 9,500,000 Peru Lima 695,733 4,609,999 Portugal Lisbon 35,490 5,423,132 Roumania Bukharest 50,720 5,956,690 Russia St. Petersburg 8,647,657 152,009,300 Salvador San Salvador 7,225 1,700,000 San Marino San Marino 38 11,439 Santo Domingo Santo Domingo 18,045 610,000 Servia Belgrade 18,650 2,493,882 Siam Bangkok 195,000 6,686,846 Spain Madrid 190,050 18,618,086 Sweden Stockholm 172,876 5,377,713 Switzerland Bern 15,976 3,463,609 Turkey and trib. states[B] Constantinople 1,165,020 25,414,300 United South Africa Pretoria. C. T. 473,184 5,450,217 United States Washington 3,567,563 88,566,034 Uruguay Montevideo 72,210 1,140,799 Venezuela Caracas 364,000 2,646,835

[A] Under suzerainty of Turkey, but actual administration controlled by Great Britain.

[B] Exclusive of Egypt.

=Printing Presses.=--There are three distinct classes of printing presses: (1) The ordinary job press which is used for the printing of cards, letter-heads, billheads, and other small matter. It is run by power or by a foot treadle. Each card or piece of paper is fed into the press by hand and removed by hand. The average speed is from 1,000 to 1,200 an hour, but the most expert feeders can handle about 1,500 cards an hour, and the record is not far from 2,000. (2) The cylinder press. This press is used for the printing of weekly newspapers, books, catalogues, and other large work. The type is placed upon a flat bed having a lateral movement, and the paper is fed by hand onto a cylinder which revolves over the moving bed. These presses have a speed of from 1,000 to 2,000 an hour, but comparatively few hand-feeders can handle more than 1,500, or 1,600 sheets in an hour. (3) The perfecting press. This press is used exclusively for the printing of large city newspapers, and some books, and catalogues are printed upon it. The type matter is cast into to a cylinder. The paper to be printed upon stereotypes of circular form which are attached is in a continuous roll and passes between the stereotype cylinder and another roller. The paper is fed into the press automatically, and is automatically folded and counted. The largest perfecting press in the world will print, fold, and count both sides of an eight-page paper at the rate of 300,000 copies an hour, but the average perfecting press does not deliver more than 75,000 copies an hour. The perfecting presses used for books, magazines, and catalogues run at a much slower speed.

=Production of Books.=--In 1911, 8,183 books were produced by American authors of which 1,024 were fiction; 917 were on theology and religion; 919 of essays and literature; 527 on hygiene; 734 juvenile; 685 of poetry and drama; 300 educational; 196 were devoted to the fine arts; and 86 to music.

=Public Debt of the United States.=--The interest-bearing debt of the United States is $964,631,630, and the non-interest-bearing debt is $375,974,389. The United States has issued $946,242,270 in gold certificates, $482,367,666 in silver certificates, and treasury notes to the amount of $2,846,260. At the last accounting the United States treasury had on hand in cash $1,564,416,169.

=Public Schools.=--The public school system originated in Massachusetts and Connecticut shortly after the settlement of those States. Schools were not entirely free when originally established. They have now become common all over the United States, and their maintenance is required by law.

=Pure Food.=--Pure food laws enacted by the United States Government, and by State and City Governments, are supposed to protect the consumer against adulterated foods. The United States law, however, has no jurisdiction over food manufactured or put out in any of the States, unless it is carried from one State to another. The local food laws have to do only with the communities covered. The present law does not appear to be sufficient to protect the public fully. The statement written on many food packages, reading "Guaranteed Under The Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906. No. ----," must not be considered as proof positive of purity. It simply means that the contents of the package or bottle is according to the prescription or formula registered with the Government, and does not stand for quality or purity. Benzoate of soda and other preservatives may be legally used, provided a statement to that effect is made upon the package. Chemists differ as to the injurious effect of benzoate of soda, but it is not advocated by any eminent authority. Most of the pure food experts are opposed to its use, irrespective of any injurious effect it may have upon the consumer, because this preservative will effectively kill the odor of putrefaction and disguise the taste and smell of rotten or spoiled fruit and other products. The consumer will do well to refuse to purchase any article or food containing benzoate of soda or other preservative, for first-class and healthy meat, fruit, and vegetables do not require a chemical preservative. Artificial coloring may not be injurious, as so little of it is required, but food artificially preserved may be dangerous, and very likely is impure, and may not have been fresh when canned.

=Pyramids.=--the pyramids were supposed to have been constructed between the fifth and twelfth dynasties in Middle Egypt, and not to have been used for tombs. They are built upon a square base, with sides facing the points of the compass, and the earlier pyramids were constructed of horizontal layers of rough blocks fastened together with mortar. In the center of the pyramid, near the base, was built a chamber reached by a passage from the north side. It is said that some of them contain emblems or symbols, which are now used in masonry. Whether or not there were masons at the time they were built, has not yet been discovered. Many of the stones weigh as much as thirty tons each, and no one has yet been able to ascertain the power used for their transmission.

=Railroads.=--The railroads of the United States employ nearly 1,700,000 men, or about 680 per hundred miles of track. The railroads occupy over 244,000 miles of track. The most powerful locomotive in the world runs in Virginia, and weighs 540,000 pounds. The heaviest electric locomotive is maintained by the Boston & Maine Railroad and weighs about 192,000 pounds. The most expensive locomotives cost about $37,000, and an ordinary locomotive costs from $15,000 to $20,000. An ordinary box car weighs 36,000 pounds, and a day coach about 112,000 pounds. Sleeping cars weigh from 115,000 to 152,000 pounds. The fastest short-distance run on record was made by the Empire State Express, at the rate of 112-1/2 miles per hour. A New York train ran a distance of 44 miles in 33 minutes, or at the rate of 80 miles an hour, and a New York Central train made the distance between New York and Chicago, 965 miles, in 15 hours and 43 minutes, or at the rate of 62-1/2 miles per hour. A New York Central train ran a short distance at the rate of about 112-1/2 miles an hour, and a Florida train ran 5 miles at the rate of 120 miles an hour. During the last year there were 5,483 accidents by collision and 8,215 by derailments, and a total of 15,743 accidents; 318 passengers were killed, and 16,386 were injured; 3,635 employees were killed, and 142,442 injured; 6,632 persons not connected with the railroads and not riding on trains were killed, and 10,710 injured. The number of passengers carried during the year was nearly a billion. The railroads of the United States, not including the switching and terminal companies, employ nearly 670,000 men, or about 678 men to every 100 miles of track.

=Referendum.=--A law by which all legislation may be referred to the people, either for its ratification or rejection. The Initiative is a process by which any law may be enacted, if requested by a specified number of citizens. The Initiative and Referendum are becoming common, and their advocates believe that they are the solution to many of our political problems.

=Religious Denominations.=--In the United States there are 95,800 Adventists, about 5,635,000 Baptists, about 739,000 Congregationalists, about 1,534,000 Disciples of Christ, about 2,290,000 Lutherans, about 6,280,000 Methodists, about 1,944,000 Presbyterians, about 957,000 Protestant Episcopalians, about 312,000 United Brethren, about 71,000 Unitarians, about 53,000 Universalists, and about 13,000,000 Roman Catholics.

=Roads.=--The mileage of all public roads in the United States is about 2,200,000 miles, there being a little over 59,000 miles of stone road and about 103,000 of gravel road. A sand-clay road costs about $725.00 per mile, gravel a little over $2,000.00, macadam about $5,000.00, and bituminous macadam about $10,350.

=Round Table.=--Tradition says that it was modeled after a table made by Joseph of Arimathea, and was an imitation of the one used at the Last Supper. It is said to have had a seating capacity variously estimated at from thirteen to one hundred and fifty. According to the legend dealing with King Arthur and his knights, it was a round marble table made by the Enchanter Merlin for Uther Pendragon. Later it came into the possession of the King of Camelard, and was given by him to Arthur on his marriage to the king's daughter Guinevere. The term Round Table is much used in the United States, and refers to a table, usually round, occupied habitually by the same diners.

=Royal Academy.=--Founded in London in 1768. It is an association of artists, and maintains a free school of art. It holds an annual exhibition of paintings and sculptures.

=Royal Society.=--One of the most celebrated associations in the world. Organized in London in 1660 for the promotion of scientific investigation.

=School Statistics.=--There are, in the United States, 36,260 men and 5,025 women acting as professors and instructors in universities, colleges, and technical schools. The common schools contain nearly 18,000,000 enrolled pupils, with an average daily attendance of nearly 13,000,000. These schools employ nearly 525,000 teachers, who receive an average monthly salary of about $62.00. The estimated value of public school property is considerably more than $1,000,000,000, and the annual cost of maintaining these schools exceeds $426,000,000.

=Seasickness.=--Although there are several advertised remedies which claim to prevent or to cure seasickness, it is probable that none of them are efficacious for all persons. Seasickness is not perfectly understood. Some people suffer from it and some do not. Of course, the condition of the stomach and liver has much to do with it. If one is bilious he is pretty sure to become seasick. Before taking a voyage, it is well to diet or to live on plain food for a while. Do not remain in your stateroom or in the cabin. Get all of the fresh air you can. Lie down and don't refuse to eat sparingly. Many persons ward off seasickness by retiring before the vessel leaves the port. Some people, even sailors, suffer from seasickness with every voyage. A good remedy is an emetic, either warm salt water, or warm mustard water.

=Seven Chief Virtues.=--These, as defined by the Roman Catholic Church, are as follows: (1) Faith, (2) Hope, (3) Charity, (4) Prudence, (5) Temperance, (6) Justice, (7) Fortitude.

=Seven Corporal Works of Mercy.=--According to the Roman Catholic Church, these are as follows: (1) To bury the dead, (2) to clothe the naked, (3) to feed the hungry, (4) to give drink to the thirsty, (5) to shelter the homeless, (6) to visit those in prison, (7) to administer unto the sick.

=Seven Deadly Sins.=--According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, these are as follows: (1) Pride, (2) Anger, (3) Envy, (4) Sloth, (5) Lust, (6) Covetousness, (7) Gluttony.

=Seven Liberal Arts.=--A term applied during the Middle Ages to the following branches of learning: (1) Arithmetic, (2) Geometry, (3) Astronomy, (4) Music, (5) Logic, (6) Rhetoric, (7) Grammar.

=Seven Spiritual Works of Mercy.=--According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, these are as follows: (1) To admonish the sinful, (2) to bear wrongs patiently, (3) to comfort the afflicted, (4) to counsel the doubting, (5) to forgive offenses, (6) to instruct the ignorant, (7) to pray for the living and the dead.

=Seven Wise Men of Greece.=--Applied to seven Greek sages, whose wisdom was embodied in the following maxims: (1) Solon of Athens, "Know thyself"; (2) Chilo of Sparta, "Consider the end"; (3) Thales of Miletus, "Suretyship brings ruin"; (4) Bias of Priene, "Most men are bad"; (5) Cleobulus of Lindus, "Avoid extremes"; (6) Pittacus of Mitylene, "Know thine opportunity"; (7) Periander of Corinth, "Nothing is impossible to industry."

=Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.=--(1) The Coliseum at Rome, (2) the Catacombs of Alexandria, (3) the Great Wall of China, (4) the Leaning Tower of Pisa, (5) the Porcelain Tower of Nanking, (6) the Mosque of St. Sophia at Constantinople, (7) the Ruins of Stonehenge.

=Seven Wonders of the New World.=--(1) Niagara Falls, (2) Yellowstone Park, (3) Garden of the Gods, (4) Mammoth Cave, (5) Yosemite Valley, (6) Giant Trees, (7) Natural Bridge.

=Seven Wonders of the World.=--In ancient times generally regarded as follows: (1) The Pyramids of Egypt, (2) the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, (3) the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, (4) the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, (5) the Colossus of Rhodes, (6) the Pharos at Alexandria, (7) the Statue of the Olympian Jove in Elis.

=Shaving Lotions.=--Hot water applied to the face after shaving removes much of the sting or soreness, and the use of bay rum, hamamelis or witch hazel, or almond cream, is to be recommended. A very good shaving preparation is made of equal parts of bay rum and hamamelis.

Ship Bells

Time, A. M.

1 Bell 12.30 2 Bells 1.00 3 " 1.30 4 " 2.00 5 " 2.30 6 " 3.00 7 " 3.30 8 " 4.00

1 Bell 4.30 2 Bells 5.00 3 " 5.30 4 " 6.00 5 " 6.30 6 " 7.00 7 " 7.30 8 " 8.00