Part 13
=Sunstroke.=--Indications of sunstroke or heat prostration are a slow but full pulse, very labored breathing, and the skin is hot and dry, the face usually red, and the person affected is unconscious. Remove the sufferer to a shady place, and be sure to loosen his collar and clothing, if tight. Raise the head and shoulders. The head, face, and chest should be drenched with cold water, and if it is very hot use cracked ice. In ordinary cases of heat prostration, the patient is not unconscious, the skin is pale and clammy, and the breathing is not normal. Force the patient to lie on his back with his head level with his body, and loosen all tight clothing. Apply heat to the extremities, and cold to head. The patient should not be allowed to drink too much water. Give him hot drinks, and apply heat to the spine and feet. Under no circumstances administer alcoholic stimulants. Always send for a physician.
=Temperature of the Body.=--The normal body temperature is 98.4 degrees Fahrenheit. When it is higher, the patient is supposed to have a fever. Temperature usually rises in the afternoon, being one degree higher than in the first part of the night or in the early morning. It gradually falls from midnight to six or seven o'clock in the morning. The temperature of a child frequently rises two degrees from slight causes. Every family should carry a clinical thermometer. Bodily temperature should be taken by holding it in the mouth under the tongue for two minutes. Temperature under 101° indicates a slight fever; under 103° a moderate fever; under 105° a high fever. When the temperature rises two or three degrees above normal, send for a doctor at once.
=Temperature of the Sick-Room.=--Sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit is a good average temperature for the sick-room. In certain diseases the average temperature may be lower, and for throat or chest affections it should be higher. When the patient is being washed or dressed, the temperature should be kept at about 70°.
=Toothache.=--If the nerve is exposed, or nearly so, toothache may be cured by placing in the cavity a small piece of cotton soaked in creosote or oil of cloves. If it continues, consult a dentist.
=Transporting the Wounded.=--Great care should be taken, because the slightest carelessness is likely to cause intense suffering. A four-handed seat may be made by two persons, the hands of each one clasping one of the wrists of the other, and two ordinary men can easily carry a person of average weight. A stretcher will carry the patient in a horizontal position if the persons carrying it place their hands under it. A stretcher may be made of boards, over which are placed coats or shawls, or a blanket may be fastened to two stout poles; if no poles are handy, a shawl tightly held by two persons will do, but great care should be taken to keep it tight. A window shutter is generally available. The sufferer should be very carefully placed upon the stretcher, and had better be lifted by several persons, by two at least. The bearers of the stretcher should not keep step, the opposite feet should be put forward at the same time to prevent the swaying of the stretcher and the rolling of the patient. Never carry the stretcher on the shoulders. Carry the patient feet foremost, except when going up hill. In case of a fractured thigh or leg, carry the patient head first when going down hill.
=Ventilation.=--The sick-room should never be without fresh air. Impure and close air breeds disease and encourages illness. Fresh air should be introduced constantly and steadily. The windows may be lowered at the top or patented ventilators used. To change the air, open the windows in an adjoining room, and then open the door between the rooms, but the fresh air in the adjoining room should be warm before it is allowed to penetrate the sick-room. By swinging the door back and forth, the air will be fanned in. Do not maintain the erroneous impression that cold air is pure because it is cold, for cold air may be as foul as warm air. Night air is not dangerous. The patient must breathe night air or closed-in day air, and closed-in air rapidly becomes foul.
=Vomiting.=--Lie down and hold small pieces of ice in your mouth. If it continues, consult a physician.
* * * * *
=Wills.=--A will, untechnically speaking, is virtually a bill-of-sale or transfer of property by its owner to those he may designate, but differs from the ordinary bill-of-sale in that there is no consideration mentioned on the part of those who will receive the property, and the will is not operative until the death of the maker of it. No one can execute a will unless he is presumably in his right mind, and knows what he is doing. Nor can a will be made by an idiot or one insane. The will must be signed and witnessed by several witnesses, each witness signing as a witness in the presence of all of the other witnesses. While it would appear that every one has a right to dispose of his property as he chooses, a will is not likely to stand in law if it can be proved that the maker of it was under undue or unfair influence, and, therefore, distributed his property to the prejudice of those who would be entitled to it if no will was made. For example: a will is not likely to hold good if its maker unfairly disowned close legal heirs, like a wife, husband, or children, or bequeathed his property to some institution which it could be shown he probably would not have done had not unfair pressure been brought to bear upon him at the time he made his will. All legal heirs should, as a rule, be mentioned in a will, even though they are given insignificant sums. As the laws differ in the several states, it is suggested that it is better and safer to consult a good lawyer, or one familiar with conditions.
=Wireless Telegraphy.=--The exact date of the discovery or invention of wireless telegraphy is not accurately known. Many scientists discovered it theoretically before Marconi made it practical. Some scientific authorities claim that it was originated by Professor Dolbear, of Massachusetts. In 1899, messages were sent from England to France, and recently an intelligible message was flashed across the Atlantic Ocean. Unscientifically speaking, wireless telegraphy consists of discharging powerful electrical currents into the atmosphere, their vibrations being taken up by the natural electricity in the air, and received by wires placed at an elevation. Practically all sea-going steamers are equipped with wireless telegraphy.
=Woman's Suffrage.=--The first convention in the interest of woman's rights was held July 19, 1808, at Seneca Falls, N. Y. In 1850, a National Woman's Rights Convention was held in Worcester, Mass. From that time woman's suffrage was agitated in America and in England, and many of the leading women of the world strongly advocated it. It is growing rapidly, and is being recognized throughout the country, although all of the States have not given the vote to women. Under the Constitution of the United States a native-born woman may hold any office, including that of president, even though the women in all of the States cannot vote at the presidential election. The Constitution of the United States does not recognize sex, and in the eye of national law, women have all of the rights of men.
=Women Voters.=--Many of the towns, cities, and States give full franchise to women, while others allow them to vote for only a few officials. Woman's suffrage, or the right to vote, is spreading rapidly, and it is probably only a question of time before she will have full franchise throughout the entire country. There is nothing in the Constitution of the United States to prevent a woman from holding the office of president or vice-president if she was born in this country, and she can hold such offices even though she may not be permitted by State law to vote for them.
=Wool Industry.=--The United States produces about $320,000,000 worth of wool in a year and weaves about 55,500,000 square yards, worth about $40,500,000.
=World's Largest Steamships.=--The "Imperator," just placed in commission, is the world's largest vessel. She is 919 feet long, 98 feet beam, and 62 feet deep. The boat deck is 100 feet, and the trunks of the mast 246 feet, above the keel. The funnels are 69 feet long with oval openings, 29 by 18 feet. The rudder alone weighs 90 tons. She is registered at 50,000 tons, with a displacement of 70,000 tons. Displacement represents the weight of the water which is occupied by that part of the hull under water. The ship is a modern floating hotel, containing a grill-room, a tea garden, a veranda café, several ladies' sitting-rooms, a palm garden, a ball-room, a gymnasium, a swimming tank, and other accessories. In the first cabin there are 220 regular bath rooms and showers, including 150 private bath rooms. The staterooms do not contain berths, metal bedsteads being used throughout. The entrance hall is 90 feet wide, and 69 feet long. In addition the vessel carries a drug store, a book store, and a flower shop, and several passenger elevators are maintained. To illuminate the ship there are 9,500 electric lamps. The Roman bath is 65 feet long, and 41 feet wide. The swimming bath is 39 feet long, 21 feet wide, and 9 feet deep. The quadruple turbine engines have 72,000 horse-power and develop an average speed of 22-1/2 knots an hour. One of the immense rotars contains 50,000 blades, and weighs 135 tons. The ship carries a crew of 1,100 persons, a complete fire department, and wireless telegraphy. If the "Imperator" was set on end, she would be higher than the largest building in the world, which is 750 feet high. The ship has a passenger capacity equal to the population of a large town.
=Yankee.=--This word is said to be a corruption of English or Anglais, pronounced by the Massachusetts Indians, who gave this name to the New England Colonists, Yenghies, Yanghies, Yankees. It was applied to the New Englanders by the British soldiers during the Revolutionary War, and to the Federal soldiers by the Confederates during the Civil War.
=Yankee Doodle.=--The origin of Yankee Doodle, perhaps the most famous American national air, is unknown. It is supposed to have been an English tune. At any rate, it was introduced into America by the British troops in 1775.
INDEX
INDEX
Abbreviations in common use, 1
Accidents, 160
Accidents, electrical, 173
Accidents, how to avoid, 185
Acetylene gas, 2
Acid poisoning, 189
Aconite poisoning, 190
Admitted to the Union, 62
Adventists, 2
Arsenic poisoning, 191
Æolian harp, 3
Afire, clothing, 166
Africa, 40
Age, 3
Agricultural implement industry, 3
Air ship records, 114
Alaska, 3
Alberg tunnel, 59
Algebra, 4
Almanacs, 4
Amazons, 4
American inventions, 57
Ammonia, 174
Antarctic ocean, 40
Apostles' creed, 4
Apothecaries' weight, 154
Apparent death, 160
April Fools Day, 4
Arbor Day, 5
Arctic ocean, 40
Area of a circle, 24
Area of a square, 26
Area of desert, 41
Area of fertile soil, 41
Area of the base of a square, 26
Area of the earth, 39
Area of the oceans, 40
Area of the United States, 62
Areas of earthquakes, 42
Arithmetic, 5
Arnica, 175
Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 175
Artesian wells, 5
Artificial ice, 5
Arts, seven liberal, 108
Asia, 40
Atlantic cable, 6
Atlantic ocean, 40
Atmosphere, 10
Aurora Borealis, 10
Australia, 41
Automobile records, 114
Automobiles, 10
Average life of man, 3
Average weight of men and women, 128
Avoirdupois weight, 154
Baltic and North Sea canal, 17
Bandaging, 161
Bank of England, 11
Baseball, 115
Base of a triangle, 25
Bastile, 11
Baths, 161
Bayreuth Festival, 11
Beautifiers, 43
Belladonna poisoning, 191
Bells on shipboard, 100
Bible, 11
Bible, kissing the, 67
Bible statistics, 12
Bicarbonate of soda, 175
Billiard records, 115
Bi-metallism, 12
Birth stones, 12
Bite, snake, 195
Bites, dog, 169
Bleeding, 162
Bleeding from capillary veins, 163
Bleeding from the veins, 163
Blind, 13
Blood, circulation of, 21
Blood-heat, 13
Blue-Grass region, 13
Board and timber measure, 156
Body temperature, 198
Bones, broken, 164
Books, production of, 100
Bowling records, 116
Boxers, 14
Brain, 14
Brandy, 177
Bread, 15
Breakfast foods, 15
British Royal family, cost of, 30
Broken bones, 164
Brook farm, 15
Burns, 192
Cable, Atlantic, 6
Calculating interest, 16
California, gold in, 55
Camphor, 176
Camphor poisoning, 190
Canals, 17
Capacity of cisterns and wells, 18
Capillary veins, bleeding from, 163
Capitol at Washington, 18
Carbolic acid poisoning, 189
Cards, 93
Carrying the wounded, 199
Cause of failures, 48
Cellars, disinfecting, 168
Cells of the brain, 14
Celluloid, 19
Census of the United States, 27
Certified checks, 19
Cesspools, disinfecting, 168
Cheap laundry soaps, 110
Checks, certified, 19
Chemical composition of man, 20
Chess, 20
Chests (medicine), 75
Chief virtues, 107
Chilblains, 164
Children, emergencies, 173
Chloroform poisoning, 190
Christmas, 21
Circle, circumference of, 25
Circle, diameter of, 24
Circle, radius of, 24
Circle, square of the diameter of, 24
Circle, square of the radius of, 24
Circular measure, 155
Circulation of the blood, 21
Circumference of a circle, 25
Circumference of a circle, square of, 25
Circumference of a sphere, 25
Circumference of the earth, 39
Cisterns and wells, capacity of, 18
Cities in the United States, distances between, 34
Cities (large) of the United States, 28
Cities of the world (population), 73
Civil War, songs of, 113
Cleanliness, 164
Climate and temperature, 21
Climate, influence of the ocean on, 66
Clothing, afire, 166
Coal industry, 22
Coal oil, fires from, 179
Cocoa industry, 22
Coffee industry, 22 Coin (money), 23
Cold cream, 177
Colds, 167
Collapse, 194
Colors, to produce, 138
Colosseum, 23
Comets, 23
Communism and Socialism, 27
Comparative population of the large cities and towns of the United States, 28
Comparative population of the United States, 27
Copper coining, 23
Commission form of government, 56
Common abbreviations, 1
Common Council, 56
Common degrees, 1
Common measurements, 24
Compass, 28
Composition of man, 20
Constitution of the United States, 55
Corn in the crib, to measure, 138
Corporal works of mercy, 107
Correct weight of men and women, 126
Corrosive sublimate poisoning, 191
Corsets, 29
Cosmetics, 29
Cost of the British Royal family, 30
Cotton industry, 31
Cotton gin, 31
Cough medicines, 87
Countries of the world, 98
Cradle of American liberty, 31
Credit Mobilier, 31
Creed, Apostles', 4
Creosote poisoning, 189
Croton water tunnel, 59
Crusades, 32
Crust of the earth, 32
Cubic measure, 154
Daguerreotypes, 32
Damage by lightning, 33
Danger of taking patent medicines, 86
Day or night, to find the length of, 137
Deadly sins, 107
Deaf and dumb, 33
Death, apparent, 160
Deaths, percentage of, 77
Deeds, 33
Degrees in common use, 1
Depth of the sea, 40
Dialects, 112
Diameter of a circle, 24
Diameter of a sphere, 26
Diamonds (famous), 49
Dictionaries, 33
Difference in time, 136
Different colors, to produce, 138
Digestibility of foods, 34
Diphtheria, 167
Diseases, infectious, 186
Disinfectants, 167
Disinfecting cellars, yards, cesspools, etc., 168
Disinfecting the sick room, 168
Dislocation, 168
Distance between cities in the United States, 34
Distance from the earth to the planets, 112
Diving bells, 36
Dog bites, 169
Drama, 36
Drowning, 169
Drowning, to prevent, 172
Drugs, 36
Dry measure, 154
Dumb and deaf, 33
Dying sayings of great men, 37
Dynamite, 39
Ear, getting things into, 184
Earth, crust of, 32
Earth facts, 39
Earthquake areas, 42
Earthquakes, 41
Electoral vote, 62
Engine, steam, 128
England, Bank of, 11
Equator, 39
Errors of history, 44
Esperanto, 46
Estimating the weight of hay, 137
Europe, 40
Exercise, 178
Extinguishing fire from coal oil, 179
Eye, getting things into, 183
Facts about the earth, 39
Failures, 47
Failures, cause of, 48
Fainting, 180
Famous diamonds, 49
Faneuil Hall, 31
Farm productions, 49
Feeding an invalid, 180
Fertile soil, 41
Finding the capacity of cisterns and wells, 18
Finding the length of day or night, 137
Finding the number of days (interest), 16
Fire in the house, 181
Fires from coal oil, 179
First trans-Atlantic steamship, 51
Fits, 181
Flag of the United States, 142
Flour industry, 51
Food (pure), 101
Food nutriment, 51
Foods, breakfast, 15
Foods, digestibility of, 34
Fool's Day, 4
Force of gravity, 57
Forests, 52
Foretelling the weather, 52
Freemasonry, 54
Freiburg tunnel, 59
French Academy, 55
Frost bite, 182
Fumigating a sick room, 182
Gas, acetylene, 2
Gas, illuminating, 186
Gas, natural, 79
Gems, language of, 67
Getting things into the eye, nose, ear, etc., 183
Getting wet, 184
Ginger, 176
Glass, plate, 92
Glasses, 114
Glycerine, 176
Gold coining, 23
Gold in California, 55
Government, 55
Grain industry, 57
Gravity, 57
Great American inventions, 57
Great Eastern, 58
Great libraries, 59
Great men, dying sayings of, 37
Great religions, 135
Great tunnels, 59
Greece, seven wise men of, 108
Growers (hair), 59
Gunnison tunnel, 59
Hair growers, 59
Half-century of life, 60
Half the circumference of a circle, 25
Hamamelis, 177
Hammer-throwing records, 117
Harp, æolian, 3
Hawaii, 61
Hay industry, 61
Hay, to estimate the weight of, 137
Headache powders, 87
Headaches, 184
Health, 61
Height of men and women, 126
Height of the land, 40
Hiccoughs, 185
Highest mountain, 40
Historical data, 62
History, errors of, 44
History in brief, United States, 143
Holy Grail, 64
Hoosac tunnel, 59
House afire, 181
House of Representatives, 56
Household weights, 64
How to avoid accidents, 185
How to become a voter, 64
Human brain, 14
Hurdle racing records, 117
Hurricane warnings, 152
Hydrophobia, 169
Ice, artificial, 5
Illuminating gas, 186
Implement industry, 3
Indian ocean, 40
Industrial occupations, 65
Industry, agricultural implement, 3 coal, 22 cocoa, 22 coffee, 22 cotton, 31 flour, 51 grain, 57 hay, 61 iron, 66 jewelry, 66 liquor and wine, 74 meat, 75 mineral, 76 mining, 76 petroleum, 92 poultry and egg, 97 sugar, 130 tobacco, 137 wool, 203
Infectious diseases, 186
Influence of the ocean on the climate, 66
Inhabitants of the United States, 95
Insane, 66
Insomnia, 195
Interest calculating, 16
Interest table, 17
Invalid, feeding an, 180
Inventions, great American, 57
Iron industry, 66
Jewelry industry, 66
John Doe and Richard Roe, 66
Judicial, 56
Jumping records, 117
Kissing the Bible, 67
Koran, 67
Land area of the earth, 39
Land area of the United States, 93
Land, height of, 40
Land measure, 155
Language of gems, 67
Languages, 112
Languages of the world, 67
Large cities and towns of the United States, population of, 28
Large cities in North America, population of, 68
Largest steamship, 204
Laundry soaps, 110
Law, 72
Leading cities of the world (population), 73
Legislative, 56
Length of day or night, to find, 137
Liberal arts, seven, 108
Libraries, 59
Life, half-century of, 60
Lightning, damage by, 33
Liquid measure, 154
Liquor and wine industry, 74
Literature, 74
Living ages, 3
Lockjaw, 188
Long measure, 153
Lotions, shaving, 109
Magnetic poles, 75
Mammoth cave, 75
Man, chemical composition of, 20
Manchester canal, 17
Marathon team race records, 117
Masons, 54
Measurements, common, 24
Measuring corn in the crib, 138
Meat industry, 75
Medicine chests, 75
Medicines, emergency, 174
Medicines (patent), 86
Men of Greece, seven wise, 108
Mercy, seven corporal works of, 107
Metalic coin, 23
Metric system, 155
Microscope, 76
Middle Ages, seven wonders of, 108
Mineral industry, 76
Mining industry, 76
Money (coin), 23
Mont Cenis tunnel, 59
Moon, 76
Mortality, 77
Mortgages, 78
Motor-cycle records, 117
Mountain, highest, 40
Mushroom poisoning, 191
Mustard plasters, 188
National Government, 56
Nations, wealth of, 151
Natural gas, 79
Naturalization, 79
Naturalized citizens, 64
Neuralgia, 188
Newspapers, 80
New York Stock Exchange, 81
New Zealand, 41
Nicknames of States, 81
Night, to find the length of, 137
Nitroglycerine, 82
Normal weight of men and women, 126
North American continent, 40
North America, population of the large cities of, 68
Nose, getting things into, 183
Notes, 82
Number of newspapers, 80
Nutriment of food, 51
Nux vomica poisoning, 190
Occupations, industrial, 65
Ocean ownership, 82
Ocean records, 117
Oceans, area of, 40
Old time ships, 83
Opium poisoning, 190
Oxalic acid poisoning, 189
Pacific ocean, 40
Palmistry, 84
Panama canal, 17
Partnership, 84
Patent medicines, 86
Peppermint, 176
Percentage of deaths, 77
Perpetual motion, 91
Petroleum industry, 92
Philippine Islands, 92
Phonograph, 131
Physicians, 88
Pianoforte, 92
Planets, 112
Plate glass, 92
Playing cards, 93
Poison, 188
Poisoning by acids, 189 by aconite, 190 by arsenic, 191 by carbolic acid or creosote, 189 by belladonna, 191 by camphor, 190 by chloroform, 190 by corrosive sublimate, 191 by mushrooms, 191 by nux vomica, 190 by opium, 190 by oxalic acid, 189 by prussic acid, 189
Poisonous insects, stings of, 197
Pole star, 93
Pole vaulting records, 118
Poles, magnetic, 75
Population by States, 125
Population and land area of the United States, 93
Population of the large cities and towns of the United States, 28
Population of the large cities of North America, 68
Population of the large cities of the United States, 68
Population of the leading cities of the world, 73
Population of the United States, 27
Population of the United States per square mile, 95
Population of the world at the time of Augustus, 41
Porto Rico, 97
Postage stamps, 97
Poultry and egg industry, 97
Presidents of the United States, 97
Press, 99
Principal countries of the world, 98
Printing press, 99
Production of books, 100
Prussic acid poisoning, 189
Public debt of the United States, 101
Public schools, 101
Pulse, 191
Pure food, 101
Pyramids, 103
Quack doctors, 90
Radius of a circle, 24
Railroads, 103
Records, air ship, 114 automobile, 114 billiards, 115 bowling, 116 endurance, 116 hammer-throwing, 117 hurdle racing, 117 jumping, 117 Marathon team race, 117 motor cycle, 117 ocean, 117 pole vaulting, 118 running, 118 running distance, 119 shot putting, 119 skating, 119 sporting, speed, etc., 114 swimming, 120 trotting, 121 walking, 121
Referendum, 104
Registration, 64
Religions, ten great, 135
Religious denominations, 105
Rheumatism, 192
Roads, 105
Round table, 105
Royal Academy, 106
Royal Society, 106
Running distance records, 119
Running records, 118
Sayings of great men, 37
Scalds and burns, 192
School statistics, 106
Schools, 101 Sunday, 131
Sea, depth of, 40
Seasickness, 106
Senate, 56
Settlement of the United States, 62
Seven chief virtues, 107 corporal works of mercy, 107 deadly sins, 107 liberal arts, 108 spiritual works of mercy, 108 wise men of Greece, 108 of the Middle Ages, 108 wonders of the New World, 109
Shaving lotions, 109
Ship bells, 109
Ship watches, 110
Ships (old time), 83
Shock or collapse, 194
Shot putting records, 119
Sick room, disinfecting, 168 fumigating a, 182 temperature of, 199
Sins, seven deadly, 107
Size of the brain, 14
Skating records, 119
Slavery, 110
Sleeplessness, 195
Snake bite, 195
Soap, 110
Socialism and Communism, 27
Solar system, 111
Some things worth knowing, 112
Songs of the Civil War, 113
Soothing syrups, 87
Sore throat, 196
South American continent, 40